Table 3.
Patient Behavior (Calm versus Irritable), Stress from Uncertainty (SUS), and their Interaction as Predictors of Physicians’(A) Emotions and Engagement, (B) Assessments of Patients and Clinical Cases, and (C) Clinical Decisions, Behavior, and Diagnosis
| Main Effects of SUS | Main Effects of Patient Behavior | SUS x Patient Behavior Interaction Effects | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef.(SE) †† | t | p | Coef.(SE) †† | t | p | Coef. (SE) †† | t | p | |
| A. Physicians’ Emotions and Engagement | |||||||||
| Anger† | 2.67 (1.23) | 2.17 | 0.11 | 31.61 (1.56) | 20.21 | <0.001 | 4.36 (1.41) | 3.10 | 0.01 |
| Anxiety† | 2.66 (1.35) | 1.98 | 0.12 | 15.25 (1.29) | 11.81 | <0.001 | 2.73 (1.16) | 2.35 | 0.04 |
| Fatigue | 4.61 (1.61) | 2.86 | 0.03 | 14.47 (1.67) | 8.67 | <0.001 | 4.31 (1.50) | 2.87 | 0.02 |
| Empathy | 0.30 (1.24) | 0.24 | 0.83 | −20.84 (1.45) | −14.38 | <0.001 | −1.35 (1.30) | −1.04 | 0.35 |
| Happy | −0.64 (1.23) | −0.52 | 0.83 | −11.88 (1.36) | −8.75 | <0.001 | 0.10 (1.22) | 0.08 | 0.93 |
| Sad | −0.30 (1.42) | −0.21 | 0.83 | 1.47 (1.81) | 0.82 | 0.42 | 3.07 (1.63) | 1.89 | 0.10 |
| Engaged | 0.76 (1.32) | 0.58 | 0.83 | −14.98 (1.41) | −10.59 | <0.001 | −2.28 (1.27) | −1.79 | 0.10 |
| B. Assessments of Patients and Clinical Cases | |||||||||
| Patient Assessments | |||||||||
| Pain exaggeration† | −0.02 (0.09) | −0.18 | 0.86 | 1.22 (0.14) | 8.70 | <0.001 | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.78 | 0.61 |
| Good historian† | −0.23 (0.96) | −0.24 | 0.86 | −14.11 (1.33) | −10.61 | <0.001 | −3.18 (1.20) | −2.66 | 0.03 |
| Seriousness of patient condition | 1.64 (1.01) | 1.62 | 0.25 | 3.75 (1.75) | 2.15 | 0.04 | −2.90 (1.57) | −1.85 | 0.15 |
| Patient cooperative | 0.61 (0.92) | 0.66 | 0.86 | −34.31 (1.47) | −23.38 | <0.001 | −1.53 (1.32) | −1.16 | 0.43 |
| Patient engaged | −0.31 (1.18) | −0.26 | 0.86 | −19.29 (1.65) | −11.67 | <0.001 | −0.28 (1.49) | −0.19 | 0.85 |
| Patient likeable | −1.51 (0.85) | −1.77 | 0.24 | −36.79 (1.45) | −25.39 | <0.001 | −4.50 (1.30) | −3.46 | <0.01 |
| Challenging case | 4.03 (1.12) | 3.59 | <0.01 | 0.41 (1.71) | 0.24 | 0.81 | −0.69 (1.54) | −0.45 | 0.77 |
| Expected Patient Outcomes | |||||||||
| Treatment adherence | −0.79 (1.03) | −0.77 | 0.44 | −17.48 (1.77) | −9.88 | <0.001 | −4.93 (1.59) | −3.10 | <0.01 |
| Recovery from chief complaint | 1.07 (0.88) | 1.21 | 0.44 | −1.41 (1.43) | −0.99 | 0.32 | −2.43 (1.28) | −1.90 | 0.09 |
| Return to work | 1.04 (1.32) | 0.79 | 0.44 | −7.80 (1.82) | −4.28 | <0.001 | −0.95 (1.64) | −0.58 | 0.56 |
| C. Clinical Decisions, Behavior, and Diagnosis | |||||||||
| Clinical Decisions and Behavior | |||||||||
| Patient priority level | −0.03 (0.03) | −1.07 | 0.54 | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.87 | 0.52 | 0.07 (0.05) | 1.42 | 0.49 |
| Necessity of emergency care | 1.55 (0.86) | 1.82 | 0.54 | −1.28 (1.38) | −0.92 | 0.52 | −1.65 (1.24) | −1.33 | 0.49 |
| Total clinical tests ordered | −0.08 (0.12) | −0.70 | 0.65 | 0.24 (0.16) | 1.45 | 0.52 | −0.07 (0.15) | −0.46 | 0.86 |
| Perceived knowledge of case | −1.38 (1.03) | −1.34 | 0.54 | 0.16 (1.97) | 0.08 | 0.94 | −0.29 (1.77) | −0.16 | 0.87 |
| Likelihood of seeking consultation | 1.33 (1.39) | 0.96 | 0.54 | 4.95 (2.41) | 2.05 | 0.32 | −4.48 (2.17) | −2.07 | 0.32 |
| Likelihood of admitting patient | 1.78 (1.41) | 1.26 | 0.54 | 3.15 (2.47) | 1.28 | 0.52 | −1.57 (2.22) | −0.71 | 0.83 |
| Diagnoses | |||||||||
| OR | z | p | OR | z | p | OR | z | p | |
| Differential diagnosis | 1.04 | 0.44 | 0.66 | 1.27 | 1.09 | 0.48 | 1.05 | 0.25 | 0.80 |
| Final diagnosis | 1.12 | 1.19 | 0.31 | 1.44 | 1.93 | 0.21 | 0.88 | −0.77 | 0.80 |
| Coef.(SE) †† | t | p | Coef.(SE) †† | t | p | Coef. (SE) †† | t | p | |
| Confidence in final diagnosis | −1.55 (1.06) | −1.46 | 0.29 | −0.08 (1.99) | −0.04 | 0.97 | 1.02 (1.79) | 0.57 | 0.80 |
Composite Measure (see Table 1 for details)
Unstandardized regression coefficients; Standardized coefficients (i.e., standardized effect sizes) are presented in the Supplement (Table S2)
Note. Coef = Coefficient; SE = Standard Error; OR = Odds Ratio. The coefficients for stress from uncertainty (SUS) and patient behavior repre-sent conditional effects. The coefficients for SUS refer to its effects averaged across both patient behavior conditions, and the coefficients for pa-tient behavior represent its effects at the mean level of SUS. All p-values are FDR-adjusted. Raw p-values are presented in the Supplement (Table S3)