Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| Characteristics | Total population | CMM occurrence | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| n | 109,604 | 104,660 | 4944 | |
| Age, year | 56.76 ± 7.87 | 56.58 ± 7.88 | 60.57 ± 6.73 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Female | 44,281 (40.40) | 42,584 (40.69) | 1697 (34.32) | |
| Male | 65,323 (59.60) | 62,076 (59.31) | 3247 (65.68) | |
| Ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||
| Whites | 103,847 (94.75) | 99,272 (94.85) | 4575 (92.54) | |
| Non-Whites | 5,757 (5.25) | 5,388 (5.15) | 369 (7.46) | |
| Educational levels | < 0.001 | |||
| University or college | 31,943 (29.14) | 30,917 (29.54) | 1026 (20.75) | |
| Others | 77,661 (70.86) | 73,743 (70.46) | 3918 (79.25) | |
| Townsend deprivation index | − 1.25 ± 3.10 | − 1.28 ± 3.09 | − 0.66 ± 3.35 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | < 0.001 | |||
| Inadequate | 35,046 (31.98) | 33,289 (31.81) | 1757 (35.54) | |
| Adequate | 74,558 (68.02) | 71,371 (68.19) | 3187 (64.46) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
| Never smoking | 58,753 (53.60) | 56,661 (54.14) | 2092 (42.31) | |
| Ever smoking | 40,230 (36.70) | 38,063 (36.37) | 2167 (43.83) | |
| Current smoking | 10,621 (9.69) | 9936 (9.49) | 685 (13.86) | |
| Frequency of drinking | < 0.001 | |||
| Daily or almost daily | 13,345 (12.18) | 12,858 (12.29) | 487 (9.85) | |
| 3–4 times/week | 23,947 (21.85) | 23,099 (22.07) | 848 (17.15) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 32,849 (29.97) | 31,474 (30.07) | 1375 (27.81) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 14,834 (13.53) | 14,153 (13.52) | 681 (13.77) | |
| Special occasions only | 15,113 (13.79) | 14,256 (13.62) | 857 (17.33) | |
| Never | 9,516 (8.68) | 8,820 (8.43) | 696 (14.08) | |
| Self-reported history of hypertension | 38,572 (35.19) | 35,763 (34.17) | 2809 (56.82) | < 0.001 |
| Self-reported history of cancer | 8,121 (7.41) | 7677 (7.34) | 444 (8.98) | < 0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensive medication | 28,206 (25.73) | 25,838 (24.69) | 2368 (47.90) | < 0.001 |
| Use of lipid-lowering medication | 19,921 (18.18) | 17,968 (17.17) | 1953 (39.50) | < 0.001 |
| Family history of cardiometabolic disease | 86,600 (79.01) | 82,499 (78.83) | 4101 (82.95) | < 0.001 |
| TyG | 9.08 ± 0.49 | 9.07 ± 0.49 | 9.25 ± 0.58 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-BMI | 285.09 ± 40.71 | 284.35 ± 40.17 | 300.72 ± 48.08 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-WC | 924.03 ± 98.03 | 921.45 ± 96.18 | 978.64 ± 118.79 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-WHtR | 5.44 ± 0.58 | 5.42 ± 0.57 | 5.77 ± 0.70 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-BRI | 49.64 ± 12.76 | 49.33 ± 12.53 | 56.22 ± 15.50 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-ABSI | 0.71 ± 0.06 | 0.71 ± 0.06 | 0.74 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-VAI | 29.97 ± 20.68 | 29.75 ± 20.42 | 34.63 ± 25.04 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-WWI | 97.15 ± 7.75 | 96.95 ± 7.64 | 101.45 ± 8.74 | < 0.001 |
| TG/HDL-C ratio | 4.78 ± 3.07 | 4.75 ± 3.04 | 5.42 ± 3.56 | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables, and number (%) for categorical variables
ABSI, a body shape index; BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; CMM, cardiometabolic multimorbidity; TG/HDL-C, triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; TyG, triglyceride-glucose index; VAI, visceral adiposity index; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; WWI, weight-adjusted waist index