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. 2026 Aug 20;17:1897284. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1897284

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Copyright © 2026 Yue, Alhaskawi, Ezzi and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration depicting a mouse model for osteoarthritis research, showing cross-sections of a knee joint labeled with cartilage, subchondral bone, capsule, synovial fluid, and adipose tissue. An intra-articular injection is shown targeting the joint, with a close-up highlighting differences between normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Additional insets illustrate synovitis, cartilage degradation, and bone remodeling. A legend identifies various cell types and scSOX9 protein using color-coded symbols. — Overview of intra-articular MSC-based therapy in osteoarthritis, illustrating rodent OA models, synovitis, cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, and the disstribution of MSCs derived from synovial fluid, adipose tissue, synovium, and subchondral bone following injection.