Table 1. Patterns in payments to GP practices in England, 2015–2022.

Year	Sum, £	Practices	Companies	Median (IQR), £	Minimum, £	Maximum, £	Ginia for companies	Ginia for practices
2015	2 470 787	1315	32	530 (250–1220)	11.7	36 600	0.79	0.66
2016	1 913 949	1176	35	290 (212–789)	6.2	121 000	0.84	0.72
2017	1 940 319	1248	34	354 (212–944)	10.4	63 720	0.83	0.66
2018	2 302 502	911	28	421 (230–1574)	11.5	58 847	0.84	0.66
2019	5 916 306	1279	34	1300 (283–4520)	0	31 075	0.90	0.56
2020	3 184 613	1288	34	790 (336–1877)	1.1	89 060	0.72	0.61
2021	6 689 699	1709	24	627 (330–2330)	13.6	176 329	0.84	0.64
2022	7 470 334	1981	27	951(420–2693)	16	108 957	0.86	0.62
Total	31 888 508	4430	54	632 (256–1870)	0	176 329	0.86	0.64

Values are presented in 2022 GBP. ^aGini coefficients measure payment concentration among company donors and practice recipients from 0 to 1. IQR = interquartile range