Fig. 1.

Low-dose exposure to OTA shows the alterations in the functional properties of NRK52E cells. A Graphical representation of the percent of cell viability measured using the MTT assay. B The SRB assay represents the percentage of total protein mass. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA. C-G After exposure to OTA, the expression of kidney injury markers increased in NRK52E cells. Bar diagram showing that the concentration (pg/ml) of NGAL C, clusterin D, TIMP1 E, albumin F, and cystatin C G increased in a time-dependent manner. H Immunoblot analysis of kidney toxicity markers (clusterin and cystatin C) of treated and control NRK52E cells at different time points. The data were normalized to β-actin expression. The experiments were performed at least three times independently. Control = vehicle-treated NRK52E cells, LD = 250 nM OTA-treated NRK52E cells, and HD = 500 nM OTA-treated NRK52E cells