Fig. 8.
Unlabelled proteomics analysis of urinary sEVs derived from OTA-exposed rats. A Chromatogram representing the size (nm) (x-axis) and concentration (particles/ml) (y-axis) of EVs isolated from urine derived from both VC and OTA-induced rats. B and C Bar diagram representing the concentration (B) and size (C) of EVs. D Pictorial representation depicting the TEM analysis of EVs isolated from both v-control and OTA-exposed rats; original magnification 150000X, 80 kV, and scale bar 100 nm. E Immunoblotting of sEVs-associated markers, as well as a negative marker, calnexin. EVs were isolated from an equal volume of urine, and an equal volume of EV suspension was used for SDS-PAGE in both groups. F Venn diagram representing the total number as well as the common sEV-protein in vehicle and OTA-exposed animals. (G) The volcano plot shows significantly upregulated and downregulated proteins in the treatment vs. the vehicle control group. X-axis depicting the difference (Log2 fold change) and Y-axis depicting the –logP (significance). Statistical significance was calculated using two-sample t-tests followed by Benjamini–Hochberg correction. H Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis reveals that several biological processes were involved. VC = vehicle-exposed rats, OTA = OTA-exposed rats, VC-sEVS = urinary sEVs of vehicle-exposed rats, and OTA-sEVs = urinary sEVs of OTA-exposed rats, WCL = whole cell lysate of NRK52E cells