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. 2026 Jul 24;24:471. doi: 10.1186/s12964-026-03023-7

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Chronic exposure to OTA induced the expression and loading of annexin A2. A-C Immunoblot analysis of the expression of annexin A2 in OTA-exposed normal kidney cells (A), from derived sEVs (B) and from conditioned media (C). (D-F) Immunoblotting of annexin A2 in urinary sEVs (D), urine (E), and kidney tissue of OTA-exposed rats (F). (G) Immunohistochemical analysis representing the expression of annexin A2 in the OTA-exposed kidney section. Brown colour represents the expression of annexin A2. (H) The expression of annexin A2 in folic acid-exposed urinary sEVs. For sEVs-associated annexin A2, TSG-101 expression was used for normalization and annexin A2 expression in cells, tissue or urinary annexin A2, β-actin expression was used for normalization. Numbers (1–3) indicate each animal in a given group. Ctrl = vehicle-exposed NRK52E cells, LD = Low Dose (OTA-250 nM), HD = High Dose (OTA-500 nM), CM = conditioned Media, CM-sEVs = conditioned media-derived sEVs, V-ctrl or VC = vehicle-exposed rats, OTA = OTA-exposed rats, V-ctrl (sEVs) = urinary sEVs of vehicle-exposed rats, FA (sEVs) = urinary sEVs of folic acid-exposed rats, and N-ctrl = negative control