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Biosynthesis of 4-thiouridine in E. coli. (A) Factors necessary for conversion of uridine (U8) to 4-thiouridine (s4U8) in E. coli. (B) Currently proposed mechanism for sulfur transfer from IscS to ThiI during 4-thiouridine biosynthesis. ThiI also utilizes MgATP for activation of the uridine O-4 and requires free thiol for reduction of a disulfide that is formed internally during turnover. IscS-SH, unmodified IscS protein; IscS-SSH, IscS persulfide; PLP, pyridoxal-l-phosphate.
