. 2026 Sep 5;16:27824. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-68059-8

Table 2.

Efficacy of four hexane plant extracts on Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti larval mortality, 48 h post-treatment.

Time (hr)	Solvent	Concentration (ppm)
Time (hr)	Solvent	0	50	125	250	500	1000	1500
Culex pipiens	D. stramonium	0 ± 0^aE	21 ± 2.52^bD	45 ± 1.91^bC	88 ± 1.63^bB	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
	C. annuum	0 ± 0^aE	18 ± 1.15^cD	40 ± 1.63^cC	82 ± 2.58^cB	100 ± 1.15^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
	N. tabacum	0 ± 0^aE	24 ± 2.31^aD	54 ± 2.58^aC	93 ± 2.52^aB	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
	W. somnifera	0 ± 0^aE	17 ± 1.91^cD	41 ± 2.52^cC	80 ± 1.63^dB	98 ± 1.15^bA	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
Aedes aegypti	D. stramonium	0 ± 0^aF	15 ± 1.91^aE	34 ± 2.58^bD	62 ± 2.00^bC	91 ± 3.42^bB	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
	C. annuum	0 ± 0^aF	12 ± 1.63^bE	31 ± 2.52^cD	57 ± 1.00^cC	85 ± 3.00^cB	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
	N. tabacum	0 ± 0^aF	16 ± 1.63^aE	38 ± 2.58^aD	71 ± 4.43^aC	95 ± 3.00^aB	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA
	W. somnifera	0 ± 0^aF	11 ± 1.00^bE	28 ± 1.63^dD	51 ± 1.91^dC	81 ± 1.91^dB	100 ± 0.00^aA	100 ± 0.00^aA

a, b & c: There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) between any two means, within the same column have the same superscript letter. A, B & C: There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) between any two means, within the same row have the same superscript letter.