TABLE 4.
Antifibrotic role of curcumin in other system fibrosis.
| Disease | Animal/cell model | Inducer | Dosage and duration | Described effects | Pathway | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peripheral arterial disease | Male C57BL/6J mice | The left femoral artery, great saphenous vein, iliac circumflex artery/vein, and muscular branch were doubly ligated | Curcumin (100 mg/kg) | ↑: Running capacity and total running time ↓: Macrophage infiltration, local inflammation, fibrosis, muscle degeneration, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB p65 |
NF-κB signaling pathway | Liu Y. et al. (2016) |
| Muscle fibrosis | Male Wistar rats | Glycerol (intramuscular injection) | Curcumin (20 mg) + polymer/sol-vent mixture | ↑: Average myotube diameter ↓: Fibrosis index, CD68, and collagen I |
- | Mahdy and Madkour et al. (2022) |
| Epidural fibrosis | Wistar albino rats (n = 32) | Laminectomy (T12 and L4 vertebral columns were removed en bloc) | Curcumin (100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days) | ↓: Inflammation, foreign body reaction, granulation tissue formation, medulla spinalis retraction, and epidural fibrosis formation | - | Demirel et al. (2021) |
| Epidural fibrosis | Female Wistar albino rats (n = 21) | Laminectomy (T9 and L3 vertebral columns were removed en bloc) | Curcumin (local spongostan soaked with curcumin; 100 mg/kg for 8 days) | ↑: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects ↓: Epidural fibrosis, macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts -: Histopathological assessment and arachnoid involvement |
- | Ismailoglu et al. (2018) |
| Orbital fibroblasts | Orbital fibroblasts | TGF-β1 (1 and 5 ng/mL) | Curcumin (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM) | ↓: α-SMA, TGF-β, and Smad2/3 | TGF-β | Yu et al. (2021) |
| Orbital fibroblasts | EA.hy926 endothelial cells | TGF-β1 (1 and 5 ng/mL) | Curcumin (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM) | ↑: Antiangiogenic effect ↓: α-SMA, TGF-β, Smad2/3, and tube-forming and transwell migration capacities |
TGF-β | |
| Orbital fibroblasts | Microvascular endothelial cell line | TGF-β1 (1 and 5 ng/mL) | Curcumin (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM) | ↓: Migratory ability and tube-forming capacity | TGF-β | Yu et al. (2021) |
| Spinal cord injury | In vivo: female SD rats | SCI (T8–10, fixed with a 50-g aneurysm clip for 60 s) | Curcumin (100 mg/kg) | ↑: IκB-α ↓: GFAP, CSPG, cystic cavity volume, astrocyte activity, NF-κB p65, p-IKK-α, p-IKK-β, and p-IκB-α |
NF-κB | Yuan et al. (2017) |
| Spinal cord injury | In vitro: fastrocytes | TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (10 ng/mL) | Curcumin (1 μM) | ↓: NF-κB p65, p-IKK-α, p-IKK-β, p-IκB-α, MCP-1, RANTES, CXCL10, macrophage, T-cell infiltration, SOX 9, ECM, CSPG, and α-SMA | NF-κB | Yuan et al. (2017) |
| Ovarian dysfunction | Wistar albino rats | MTX (0.35 mg/kg/day) | Curcumin (200 mg/kg/day for 28 days) | ↑: MDA, primordial follicle count, secondary follicle count, AMH levels, P53, and PARP-1 ↓: SOD, CAT, and atretic follicle count |
- | Keçeci et al. (2025) |
| PCOS | Wistar rats | E2V (2 mg/kg was injected subcutaneously) | Curcumin (100 and 300 mg/kg for 14 days) | ↓: Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B%, QUICKI, IL-6, CRP, collagen expression, and tissue necrosis and core | - | Mohammadi et al. (2017) |