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. 2026 Jun 19;24:1144. doi: 10.1186/s12967-026-08468-5

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Experimental validation of ENO1 and PKM expression changes in HBV-related HCC. (A-B) Immunohistochemistry of clinical tissues implied the enhanced ENO1 (A) and PKM (B) expression in HCC tissues of patients, especially in HBV-infected HCC tissues. (C-D) Western blot demonstrated the up-regulated proteins for ENO1 and PKM proteins in HCC tissues of patients, especially in HBV-infected HCC tissues. *** P < 0.001 vs. Normal liver tissues. ### P < 0.001 vs. HCC tissues. (E) qRT-PCR revealed the increased expression of ENO1 (D) and PKM (E) mRNAs in HCC tissues of patients, especially in HBV-infected HCC tissues. *** P < 0.001 vs. Normal liver tissues. ### P < 0.001 vs. HCC tissues. (F) Western blot showed the elevated expression of HBc protein in HCC tissues of patients, especially in HBV-infected HCC tissues. *** P < 0.001 vs. Normal liver tissues. ### P < 0.001 vs. HCC tissues. (G-H) Pearson’s correlation analysis displayed positive correlations between ENO1 and HBc (G), as well as between PKM and HBc (H) in HBV-infected HCC tissues. (I-K) qRT-PCR (I) along with Western blot (J, K) indicated the abnormally increased expression of ENO1 and PKM in HCC cells (HepG2), especially in HBV-infected HCC cells (HepG2.2.15). *** P < 0.001 vs. human normal hepatocytes (THLE-2). ### P < 0.001 vs. HCC cells (HepG2)