Table 2.
Association of deliberate self harm with other variables. Values are numbers (percentages) of patients who self harmed unless stated otherwise
| Males
|
Females
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No
|
No (%) who self harmed
|
Odds ratio
|
95% CI
|
P value
|
No
|
No (%) who self harmed
|
Odds ratio
|
95% CI
|
P value
|
||
| Ethnicity: | |||||||||||
| White | 2536 | 83 (3.3) | 1.00 | 2272 | 264 (11.6) | 1.00 | |||||
| Asian | 371 | 10 (2.7) | 0.82 | 0.42 to 1.58 | 254 | 17 (6.7) | 0.55 | 0.33 to 0.91 | |||
| Black | 68 | 0 (0) | — | — | 89 | 6 (6.7) | 0.55 | 0.24 to 1.27 | |||
| Other | 74 | 5 (6.8) | 2.14 | 0.84 to 5.85 | 0.133 | 72 | 10 (13.9) | 1.23 | 0.62 to 2.42 | 0.048 | |
| Living situation: | |||||||||||
| Both parents | 2184 | 62 (2.8) | 1.00 | 1870 | 183 (9.8) | 1.00 | |||||
| One parent | 438 | 19 (4.3) | 1.55 | 0.92 to 2.26 | 426 | 58 (13.6) | 1.45 | 1.06 to 1.99 | |||
| One parent and step parent | 350 | 12 (3.4) | 1.22 | 0.65 to 2.28 | 328 | 48 (14.6) | 1.58 | 1.12 to 2.22 | |||
| Other family member | 36 | 3 (8.3) | 3.11 | 0.93 to 10.42 | 27 | 4 (14.8) | 1.60 | 0.55 to 4.69 | |||
| Other | 62 | 2 (3.2) | 1.14 | 0.27 to 4.77 | 0.208 | 42 | 5 (11.9) | 1.25 | 0.48 to 3.21 | 0.032 | |
| Divorced parents*: | |||||||||||
| No | 2270 | 63 (2.8) | 1.00 | 1928 | 181 (9.4) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 782 | 34 (4.3) | 1.59 | 1.04 to 2.44 | 0.031 | 760 | 112 (14.7) | 1.67 | 1.30 to 2.15 | <0.0005 | |
| Smoking†: | |||||||||||
| Never | 2099 | 42 (2.0) | 1.00 | 1597 | 94 (5.9) | 1.00 | |||||
| Given up | 317 | 10 (3.2) | 1.60 | 0.79 to 3.21 | 411 | 61 (14.8) | 2.79 | 1.98 to 3.93 | |||
| ⩽5 | 128 | 10 (7.8) | 4.15 | 2.03 to 8.48 | 138 | 26 (18.8) | 3.71 | 2.30 to 5.97 | |||
| 6-20 | 193 | 12 (6.2) | 3.25 | 1.68 to 6.28 | 246 | 54 (22.0) | 4.50 | 3.12 to 6.49 | |||
| 21-50 | 184 | 12 (6.5) | 3.42 | 1.77 to 6.61 | 217 | 44 (20.3) | 4.07 | 2.75 to 6.01 | |||
| >50 | 147 | 10 (6.8) | 3.57 | 1.76 to 7.28 | <0.0005 | 80 | 18 (22.5) | 4.64 | 2.64 to 8.16 | <0.0005 | |
| Alcohol use‡: | |||||||||||
| Never | 783 | 11 (1.4) | 1.00 | 679 | 36 (5.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| 1 | 651 | 21 (3.2) | 2.34 | 1.12 to 4.89 | 834 | 78 (9.4) | 1.84 | 1.22 to 2.77 | |||
| 2-5 | 844 | 23 (2.7) | 1.95 | 0.95 to 4.04 | 748 | 112 (15.0) | 3.15 | 2.13 to 4.65 | |||
| 6-10 | 209 | 20 (9.6) | 3.51 | 1.66 to 7.40 | 303 | 50 (16.5) | 3.53 | 2.25 to 5.55 | |||
| 11-20 | 223 | 9 (4.0) | 2.95 | 1.21 to 7.22 | 79 | 13 (16.5) | 3.52 | 1.78 to 6.96 | |||
| >20 | 124 | 13 (10.5) | 8.22 | 3.59 to 18.8 | <0.0005 | 33 | 9 (27.3) | 6.70 | 2.90 to 15.46 | <0.0005 | |
| No of times drunk§: | |||||||||||
| Never | 1028 | 21 (2.0) | 1.00 | 927 | 45 (4.9) | 1.00 | |||||
| Once | 432 | 7 (1.6) | 0.79 | 0.33 to 1.87 | 349 | 40 (11.5) | 2.54 | 1.63 to 3.96 | |||
| 2 or 3 | 585 | 23 (3.9) | 1.96 | 1.08 to 3.58 | 584 | 66 (11.3) | 2.50 | 1.68 to 3.70 | |||
| 4-10 | 459 | 14 (3.1) | 1.51 | 0.76 to 2.99 | 439 | 72 (16.4) | 3.85 | 2.60 to 5.69 | |||
| >10 | 559 | 33 (5.9) | 3.01 | 1.72 to 5.25 | <0.0005 | 391 | 76 (19.4) | 4.73 | 3.20 to 6.99 | <0.0005 | |
| Any drug use§: | |||||||||||
| No | 1990 | 32 (1.6) | 1.00 | 1927 | 131 (6.8) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1086 | 66 (6.1) | 3.96 | 2.58 to 6.08 | <0.0005 | 774 | 168 (21.7) | 3.80 | 2.97 to 4.86 | <0.0005 | |
| Bullying§: | |||||||||||
| No | 2836 | 79 (2.8) | 1.00 | 2477 | 254 (10.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 218 | 18 (8.3) | 3.14 | 1.85 to 5.34 | <0.0005 | 215 | 44 (20.5) | 2.25 | 1.58 to 3.21 | <0.0005 | |
| Physical abuse*: | |||||||||||
| No | 2923 | 81 (2.8) | 1.00 | 2501 | 230 (9.2) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 131 | 16 (12.2) | 4.88 | 2.77 to 8.61 | <0.0005 | 181 | 62 (34.3) | 5.14 | 3.68 to 7.20 | <0.0005 | |
| Sexual abuse*: | |||||||||||
| No | 2982 | 90 (3.0) | 1.00 | 2448 | 227 (9.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 71 | 7 (9.9) | 3.51 | 1.57 to 7.88 | 0.001 | 239 | 71 (29.7) | 4.13 | 3.04 to 5.63 | <0.0005 | |
| Sexual orientation worries§: | |||||||||||
| No | 2973 | 88 (3.0) | 1.00 | 2590 | 272 (10.5) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 82 | 9 (11.0) | 4.04 | 1.96 to 8.34 | <0.0005 | 101 | 24 (23.8) | 2.66 | 1.65 to 4.27 | <0.0005 | |
| Trouble with police§: | |||||||||||
| No | 2598 | 72 (2.8) | 1.00 | 2509 | 245 (9.8) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 463 | 25 (5.4) | 2.00 | 1.26 to 3.19 | 0.003 | 185 | 52 (28.1) | 3.61 | 2.55 to 5.11 | <0.0005 | |
| Self harm by friends§: | |||||||||||
| No | 2800 | 62 (2.2) | 1.00 | 2035 | 135 (6.6) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 256 | 35 (13.7) | 6.99 | 4.52 to 10.82 | <0.0005 | 654 | 160 (24.5) | 4.56 | 3.55 to 5.85 | <0.0005 | |
| Self harm in family*: | |||||||||||
| No | 2807 | 63 (2.2) | 1.00 | 2237 | 164 (7.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 251 | 34 (13.5) | 6.82 | 4.40 to 10.59 | <0.0005 | 451 | 131 (29.0) | 5.17 | 4.00 to 6.70 | <0.0005 | |
| Mean (SD) depression¶ | |||||||||||
| No history of deliberate self harm | 2937 | 4.72 (3.1) | 1.00 | 2390 | 5.09 (3.0) | 1.0 | |||||
| History of deliberate self harm | 83 | 7.39 (4.1) | 1.23 | 1.17 to 1.29 | <0.0005 | 296 | 7.91 (3.7) | 1.27 | 1.23 to 1.32 | <0.0005 | |
| Mean (SD) anxiety¶ | |||||||||||
| No history of deliberate self harm | 2946 | 6.42 (3.3) | 1.00 | 2390 | 7.96 (3.4) | 1.0 | |||||
| History of deliberate self harm | 93 | 9.21 (4.2) | 1.22 | 1.16 to 1.29 | <0.0005 | 297 | 10.79 (3.8) | 1.25 | 1.20 to 1.29 | <0.0005 | |
| Mean (SD) impulsivity¶ | |||||||||||
| No history of deliberate self harm | 2911 | 13.73 (2.8) | 1.00 | 2374 | 13.99 (2.7) | 1.0 | |||||
| History of deliberate self harm | 91 | 15.41 (3.1) | 1.22 | 1.14 to 1.31 | <0.0005 | 291 | 15.40 (2.9) | 1.20 | 1.15 to 1.25 | <0.0005 | |
| Mean (SD) self esteem** | |||||||||||
| No history of deliberate self harm | 2881 | 23.32 (3.7) | 1.00 | 2363 | 22.09 (3.9) | 1.0 | |||||
| History of deliberate self harm | 89 | 20.01 (4.3) | 0.81 | 0.77 to 0.85 | <0.0005 | 289 | 18.90 (4.0) | 0.81 | 0.79 to 0.84 | <0.0005 | |
*
Lifetime prevalence.
†
Number of cigarettes smoked in typical week.
‡
Number of alcoholic drinks in typical week.
§
Past year prevalence.
¶
Higher scores indicate higher depression, anxiety, or impulsivity. Odds ratio for 1 point increase in score.
**
Lower scores indicate poorer self esteem. Odds ratio for 1 point increase in score.