Table 3.
Comparative characteristics of patients with LGI 1 antibody-positive encephalitis: relapsing versus non-relapsing cases.
| Characteristics | Relapse (n=40) | No relapse (n=85) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female (%) | 18 (45.0) | 38 (44.7) | 0.975 |
| Age at onset (range), y | 64.5 (17-81) | 59 (18-87) | 0.012 |
| Initial presentation | |||
| Neuropsychiatric | 7 (17.5) | 8 (9.4) | 0.240 |
| Seizures | 23 (57.5) | 48 (56.5) | 0.914 |
| Memory dysfunction | 8 (20.0) | 28 (32.9) | 0.136 |
| Other | 2 (5.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0.240 |
| Delayed immunotherapy (%) | 19 (47.5) | 41 (48.2) | 0.939 |
| ≥2ASM | 12 (30.0) | 32 (37.6) | 0.404 |
| ICU admission (%) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (3.5) | 0.109 |
| GCS scores ≤ 13 (%) | 8 (20.0) | 15 (17.6) | 0.894 |
| Any cognitive concerns, n (%) | 34 (85.0) | 73 (85.9) | 0.896 |
| Presence of tumor (%) | 3 (7.5) | 2 (2.4) | 0.326 |
| Diffusion restriction (%) | |||
| Cortex (%) | 3 (7.5) | 12 (14.1) | 0.383 |
| Subcortex/white matter (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.7) | 0.305 |
| Medial temporal cortex (%) | 14 (35.0) | 34 (40.0) | 0.592 |
| Infra-tentorium (%) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.5) | 0.551 |
| Video-EEG | |||
| Diffuse slow wave | 10 (25.0) | 10 (11.8) | 0.060 |
| Interictal epileptiform discharge | 25 (62.5) | 45 (52.9) | 0.315 |
| Seizures captured | 5 (12.5) | 12 (14.1) | 0.806 |
| Initially treated with combined first-line IT, n (%) | 22 (55.0) | 52 (61.2) | 0.512 |
| Initially treated with long-term IT, n (%) | 9 (22.5) | 13 (15.3) | 0.324 |
| Initially treated with second-line IT, n (%) | 2 (5.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0.240 |
| Treated with long-term IT during course, n (%) | 10 (25.0) | 14 (16.5) | 0.259 |
| Treated with second-line IT during course, n (%) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (3.5) | 0.655 |
| combined first-line IT+long-term IT during course | 7 (17.5) | 8 (9.4) | 0.240 |
| combined first-line IT + second-line IT during course | 2 (5.0) | 3 (3.5) | 0.655 |
| Highest seizure frequency, n (%) | |||
| Single seizure Multiple daily/daily Weekly Monthly |
1 (2.5) | 4 (4.7) | 1.000 |
| 24 (60.0) | 34 (40.0) | 0.036 | |
| 8 (20.0) | 26 (30.6) | 0.215 | |
| 2 (5.0) | 9 (10.6) | 0.500 | |
| Type of seizure at onset, n (%) | |||
| FBDS Focal seizures SE |
16 (40.0) | 21 (24.7) | 0.081 |
| 35 (87.5) | 71 (83.5) | 0.564 | |
| 7 (17.5) | 8 (9.4) | 0.240 | |
| CSF leucocyte level (106/L) M (P25,P75) | 3.0 (2.0,8.0) | 3.0 (2.0,6.8) | 0.721 |
| CSF protein level (g/L) M (P25,P75) | 0.45 (0.30,0.58) | 0.32 (0.26,0.51) | 0.018 |
| Baseline CASE scores M (P25,P75) | 5 (4,6) | 4 (3,6) | 0.018 |
| Immunotherapy-3M CASE scores M (P25,P75) | 2 (1.25,2) | 2 (1,2) | 0.146 |
| Baseline mRS scores M (P25,P75) | 3 (2,3) | 2 (2,3) | 0.092 |
| Immunotherapy-3M mRS scores M (P25,P75) | 1 (1,2) | 1 (1,2) | 0.925 |
ASM, antiseizure medication; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IT, immunotherapy; FBDS, faciobrachial dystonic seizures; SE, status epilepticus; CASE, Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.