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. 2026 Sep 8;16:28064. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-68500-y

Table 3.

Comparison of the proposed voltammetric method for VON with reported literature in terms of sensitivity and linear range.

Method Linear range
(µg/mL)		 LOD
(µg/mL)		 LOQ
(µg/mL)		 R 2 Reference

HPLC

 Dosage forms and synthetic gastric juice

 1-100 0.24 0.80 0.9999 14

HPLC

Impurities

 0.299–29.885 0.090 0.299 0.9988 16

RP-HPLC

 Dosage form

 7.5–22.5 - - 0.9999 17

RP-HPLC

 Dosage form

 4–40 0.182 0.552 0.99996 18

UHPLC

 Impurities

 0.03–0.75 - - 0.9999 20

UV

 Dosage form

 2–30 0.24 0.70 0.9998 21

UV

 Dosage form

 1.0–14 0.29 0.97 0.9990 22

Spectrofluorometry

 Dosage form

 0.05–3.00 0.01097 0.03323 0.9994 23

Spectrofluorometry

 Human plasma

 0.015–0.20 0.0028 0.0085 0.9998 24

Spectrofluorometry

 Dosage form and Human plasma

 0.01–0.40 0.0012 0.0036 0.9997 25

Spectrofluorometry

 Dosage form

 4.6–36.8 0.99 3.02 0.999 26

Potentiometry

 Dosage form and Human plasma

 0.00399–3994 0.00123 - 0.9998 27

Voltammetry

 Urine and Blood samples

 0.0799–3.195 0.00719 0.0024 0.9903 28

Voltammetry

 Dosage form, Human plasma, synthetic industrial wastewater

 0.00399–0.03994 0.000156 0.0004753 0.9992 This work