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. 2026 Aug 26;17:1844013. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1844013

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Copyright © 2026 Chen, Han, Zhang, Cao and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows two colony formation assay images comparing control and HSP90AA1 conditions, with a bar graph indicating increased colony numbers in the HSP90AA1 group for HCC1954 cells. Panel B presents fluorescent micrographs of EdU-incorporated cells for control and HSP90AA1 groups, with blue and red markers, followed by a bar graph quantifying increased EdU-positive cells in the HSP90AA1 group. Panel C contains stained transwell migration assay images showing more migrated cells in the HSP90AA1 group, accompanied by a bar graph reflecting this increase. Panel D displays cell migration scratch assays with control and HSP90AA1 groups, showing more wound closure in the HSP90AA1 group, supported by a migration area bar graph. — HSP90AA1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion. The cell proliferation assays and invasion assays were conducted, including, colony formation assay (A), EdU assay (B), transwell assay (C), scratch assay (D). All experiments were repeat three times (n = 3), compared variances using F test and analyzed using an unpaired t-test, error bars represent SD. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.