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. 2026 Sep 9;16(43):53776–53805. doi: 10.1039/d6ra05786a

Table 6. Optimized hyperparameters of phase 1 of the GCNN model development workflow.

Hyperparameters Optimized hyperparameters – phase 1
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Graph convolution layers [64, 64] [64, 64, 64] [128, 64, 32] [64, 64] [64, 64, 64]
Dense layer size 256 128 128 64 64
Batch size 16 32 32 32 16
Dropout 9.28 × 10−2 6.35 × 10−2 7.00 × 10−2 1.27 × 10−1 3.78 × 10−2
Learning rate 5.21 × 10−4 3.36 × 10−3 6.82 × 10−4 2.07 × 10−2 2.96 × 10−3
Weight decay 10−3 10−3 10−4 10−5 10−5
Activation function ReLU ReLU ReLU ReLU ReLU
Validation ROC-AUC score 0.886 0.884 0.896 0.893 0.888