Table 2.
Plasma biomarker levels across diagnostic groups.
| Variables biomarkers (pg/mL) | HC group (n = 40) (Mean ± SD) | CSVD group (n = 40) (Mean ± SD) | AD group (n = 40) (Mean ± SD) | Corrected p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aβ1-42 | 7.06 ± 1.70 | 6.32 ± 1.71 | 5.67 ± 1.78a | 0.0022** |
| Aβ1-40 | 115.51 ± 19.31 | 120.98 ± 33.44 | 135.19 ± 33.33a | 0.0103* |
| Aβ1-42 / Aβ1-40 | 0.0757 ± 0.1052 | 0.0560 ± 0.0215 | 0.0442 ± 0.0182a,b | <0.001*** |
| p-Tau181 | 1.652 ± 0.688 | 2.572 ± 1.146a | 3.523 ± 2.439a | <0.001 |
| p-Tau217 | 1.565 ± 1.906 | 2.107 ± 1.252 | 3.769 ± 2.700a,b | <0.001 |
| NfL | 68.389 ± 46.719 | 127.107 ± 96.088a,b | 156.469 ± 83.913a | <0.001 |
| GFAP | 34.281 ± 34.860 | 180.876 ± 262.516a,b | 79.412 ± 76.144a | <0.001 |
All continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD). Of note, GFAP exhibited skewed distribution with large dispersion in the CSVD group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for overall intergroup comparisons, and Bonferroni post-hoc test was applied for pairwise comparisons between groups. All p values were adjusted by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. a: p < 0.05 vs. the healthy control group; b: p < 0.05 vs. the AD group or CSVD group. Aβ, amyloid-β; p-Tau, phosphorylated tau protein; NfL, neurofilament light chain; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Bonferroni‑corrected p‑values.