Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies.
| References | Country | Setting | Population (and numbers screened) | Study design | Intervention (and duration) | Eligibility criteria/guideline | Outcome | Recruitment strategy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Smoking history | Others | ||||||||
| Shah et al. (29) | USA | Emergency Services | Firefighters who are members of the Chicago Fire Department Local 2 Union (n = 1,347) | Prospective cohort study | LDCT (April 2022–June 2023) | – | – | • No minimum service requirements. • Exclusion criteria: having a chest CT within the past year. • Continued screening per the 2021 USPSTF LCS guidelines recommended, if a nodule was detected. |
Prevalence of Lung RADS category 3 or 4 (high–risk) nodules | Not reported |
| Grolleau et al. (30) | France | Healthcare | Employees at Lyon University Hospital (LUH) (n = 144) | Prospective implementation study | LDCT (Sept. 2022–May 2024) | 50–75 years | Smoking more than 15 cigarette/day for 25 years or more than 10 cigarettes/day for 30 years; being current or former smokers who quit since less than 15 years | • French LCS guidelines. • or having a PLCOm2012 score ≥ 1.51%; or both |
Participation rate | Combination of info displays (flyers, posters); e–mails; and face–to–face interaction through department heads, occupational medicine, and specially trained nurses |
| Kim et al. (31) | South Korea | Hospitality | Food service workers (n = 203) | Cross–sectional study | LDCT (June 2022–Aug. 2022) | ≥ 55 years | – | • Had been working for ≥ 10 years • No history of tuberculosis, asthma, or other cancer before screening |
Lung–RADS distribution | Not reported |
| Cabral et al. (32) | Portugal | Mining | A subgroup of former miners of the Uranium National Company (n = 66) | Retrospective cohort study | LDCT a (In 2015) | – | A smoking load greater than 20 pack–years | Exposure to uranium | Prevalence of pulmonary nodules; Lung–RADS distribution | Not reported |
| Brims et al. (33) | Australia | Diverse* | Participants in the Western Australia Asbestos Review Program (n = 1,743) | Prospective Cohort study | LDCT (August 2012–August 2017) | – | – | Participants must have had a minimum of 3 months of occupational asbestos exposure and/or radiographically confirmed pleural plaques to participate in the program | Incidence rate of lung cancer | Primary care |
| Heidrich et al. (34) | Germany | Diverse* | German former workers with occupational asbestos exposure (OAE) of ≥ 10 years with onset before 1985 (n = 9,277) | Program evaluation | LDCT a | ≥55 years | smoking history of ≥30 pack years | Occupational asbestos exposure (OAE) of ≥10 years with onset before 1985 | Participation rates and detection rate of lung cancer | Not reported |
| Evaluation period: 2014–2021 (Program ongoing) | ||||||||||
| Chen et al. (35); Liang et al. (50) | China | Healthcare | Employees of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Guangzhou China (n = 2,633) | Prospective cohort study | LDCT (Jan. 2019–March 2024) | ≥40 years old | – | – | Detection rate of pulmonary nodules and incidence rate of lung cancer | Not reported |
| Anzai et al. (36) | Japan | Engineering | Employees of Hamamatsu Photonics Engineering Company Japan (n = 1,213) | Prospective cohort study | Biomarker + Chest X–ray (2009–2019) | >40 years | – | – | • Cancer detection rate • Cancer–related mortality • Cancer–related Health care cost |
Not reported |
| Chung et al. (37) | South Korea | Shipbuilding | Shipyard workers, who underwent health examinations with LDCT (n = 6,326) | Retrospective cohort study | LDCT (Jan. 2010 – Dec. 2018) | – | – | • Inclusion Criteria: unclear | Lung RADS distribution; prevalence of Lung–RADS category ≥ 3; detection rate of lung cancer | Not reported |
| • Exclusion criteria: female workers (due to their small number); missing information on job type, medical history, and smoking history; never undergone LDCT; and diagnosed with lung cancer before 2010 | ||||||||||
| Zhang et al. (38) | China | Healthcare | Employees (including retired) from 6 hospitals in different regions of China (n = 8,392) | Retrospective cohort study | LDCT (2012–2018) | – | – | Inclusion Criteria: unclear | Detection rate of lung cancer | Not reported |
| Billatos et al. (39) | USA | Armed Forces | Veterans | Prospective cohort study | Biomarkers + LDCT | • DECAMP 1: ≥45 years | • DECAMP 1: Current or former cigarette smoker with ≥20 pack–year exposure | – | Prevalence of lung cancer; Incidence of lung cancer | Specialty clinics in pulmonary, thoracic surgery and thoracic oncology |
| DECAMP 1: (n = 500 planned, 489 actual) | ||||||||||
| • DECAMP 1: 2013–2022 (completed) | • DECAMP 2: 50–79 years | |||||||||
| • DECAMP 2: (n = 800 planned, 665 recruited as of 2024) | ||||||||||
| • DECAMP 2: Current or former cigarette smoker (≥10 cigarettes/day for at least 25 years' duration for current smokers, or ≥ 20 pack years for former smokers who quit 20 years ago or less) | ||||||||||
| • DECAMP 2: 09.2011–12.2027 (ongoing) | ||||||||||
| Welch et al. (40) | USA | Construction | Workers who had participated in a BTMed screening from 2011 to 2016 and were invited to participate in the Early Lung Cancer Detection (ELCD) Program (n = 1,290) | Prospective cohort Study | LDCT b (2011–2016) | 55–74 years | Current smokers with at least 30 pack–years or those who have quit within the past 15 years | • Formerly NCCN (V.2012); Since 2014 NCCN Guideline (Version 1.2014) • Additional requirement of 5 years of work in the construction industry or 5 years of work in a job with exposures to asbestos, silica, beryllium, chromium, radiation or welding |
Detection rate of lung cancer; Physical and psychosocial status | Not reported |
| Markowitz et al. (41) | USA | Construction | Former nuclear weapons workers in 9 non–metropolitan US communities from 2000 −2013 (n = 7,189) | Prospective cohort study | LDCT b (2000–2013) | 50 years or older (no upper age limit) | Had smoked for 1 year or longer | Occupation; radiographic asbestos–related fibrosis; and a positive beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test | Detection rate of lung cancer; and Screening Yield per risk factor | Not reported |
| Barbone et al. (42) | Italy | Construction | Former workers enrolled in the Monfalcone Occupational Health surveillance program for asbestos exposure and resident in the FVG region in early 2002 (n = 926) | Prospective cohort study | LDCT (Feb. 2002–Oct. 2003) | 40–75 years | Both smokers and non–smokers were eligible | Definite exposure to asbestos, no previous cancer (except non–melanoma skin cancer), no severe comorbidities, no clinical suspicion of lung cancer or MNP and no chest CT scan during the previous 2 years | Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) | Not reported |
| Abtahi et al. (43) | Iran | Glass wool manufacturing | Employees of a glass wool company (n = 145) | Analytical Cross–sectional study | Biomarkers (Serum CEA and CYFRA 21–1 Levels) | No age | No smoking history limitation | Only employees working 8 hours a day | Concentration levels of serum CEA and CYFRA 21–1 | Not reported |
| Kato et al. (44) | Japan | Diverse* | Workers with histories of asbestos exposure enrolled between 2010 and 2012 (n = 2,132) | Descriptive Cross–sectional study | LDCT (2010–2012) | – | – | • Engagement in asbestos–product manufacturing for more than 1 year • Engagement in other industries related to asbestos exposure for more than 10 years, or • Engagement in industries related to asbestos exposure and demonstrated pleural plaques on chest X–ray or CT (regardless of the duration of asbestos exposure) |
Prevalence of lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) | Not reported |
| Smargiassi et al. (45) | Italy | Diverse* | Former male asbestos–exposed workers in the Campania Region of Italy (n = 59) | Descriptive Cross–sectional study | LDCT + Chest ultrasonography (Nov. 2015 –Feb. 2016) | – | – | Occupational exposure to asbestos fibers before 1992 | Detection rate of pathological findings like Pleural thickening, peripheral lung consolidation, pulmonary asbestosis, etc. | E–mails only |
| Gaballah et al. (46) | Egypt | Wood | Male workers in the carpentry section of wooden furniture manufacturer in an Egyptian modernized industrial factory located in Greater Cairo (n = 86) | Analytical Cross–sectional study | Sputum PCR – | – | Excluded moderate to heavy smokers (Smoking Index ≥ 20 pack years) | Inclusion Criteria: • Wood dust exposure at the workplace for more than 5 years |
Frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL); Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes levels | Not reported |
| Exclusion Criteria: • Exposures with other chemical exposures at workplace in addition to wood dust. • Present history of hypertension or diabetes. • Familial history of any type of cancer. • Abnormal liver function tests. |
||||||||||
| Okereke et al. (47) | USA | Armed Forces | US Veterans at the Providence VAMC in Providence, Rhode Island (n = 1,832) | Retrospective review | LDCT a (Dec. 2013–Dec. 2014) | 55–74 years | Current smokers or quit within the past 15 years; and had at least a 30–pack–year smoking history | – | Detection rate of lung cancer | Primary care |
| Felten et al. (48) | Germany | Power | Asbestos–exposed employees of a major provider of electrical power in Germany (n = 187) | Prospective cohort study | LDCT and sputum cytology (Sept. 2002–July 2006) | ≤75 years old | – | Signed declaration of past contact with asbestos | Detection rate of lung cancer; Pathological findings | Not reported |
| Mastrangelo et al. (49) | Italy | Diverse* | • Categories of workers with the highest risk of asbestos exposure in the Veneto Region of Italy (n = 1,165) | Program evaluation | LDCT b | 55–59 years | – | Only males included | • Detection rate of lung cancer • Incidence rate of lung cancer • Cost • Radiation dose |
Invitation letters to participants and their family physicians |
| • 2000–2005 (LCS project) | ||||||||||
| • 2006–2011 (on–demand health surveillance) | ||||||||||
| • b) All workers, whatever the previous level of asbestos exposure, as part of an on–demand health surveillance (n = 3,149) | ||||||||||
aIncluding a shared decision–making.
bIncluding a smoking cessation intervention.
*Diverse refers to when participants of a LCS program are recruited from a combination of different occupational settings or industries, particularly those characterized with Asbestos Exposure.