| AI | Artificial intelligence |
| BCS | Body condition score |
| BHBA | β-Hydroxybutyrate |
| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
| FSH | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| GH | Growth hormone |
| HPG axis | Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis |
| GH–IGF-1 axis | Growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 axis |
| IGF-1 | Insulin-like growth factor-1 |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone |
| NEFA | Non-esterified fatty acids |
| VFA | Volatile fatty acid |
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