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. 2026 Aug 22;27(17):7533. doi: 10.3390/ijms27177533
4-HNE 4-hydroxynonenal
ADMET Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity
ANOVA analysis of variance
AR androgen receptor
ARE antioxidant response element
BBB blood–brain barrier
CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CO carbon monoxide
DAD Diode-Array Detector
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide
DPPH 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
GI gastrointestinal
GPx glutathione peroxidase
HAT hydrogen atom transfer
HBA hydrogen bond acceptors
HBD hydrogen bond donors
HMOX1 heme oxygenase-1
HPG hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal
HSD Honestly Significant Difference
IC50 Half-Maximal Inhibitory Concentration
LC Liquid Chromatography
LH luteinizing hormone
LHR luteinizing hormone receptor
MHA Mueller–Hinton agar
NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa B
Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PAINS Pan-Assay Interference Compounds
PDE phosphodiesterase
PKA protein kinase A
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid
ROS reactive oxygen species
SAR structure–activity relationship
SDA Sabouraud dextrose agar
SET single electron transfer
SOD superoxide dismutase
TPSA topological polar surface area