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Effects of actinomycin D and helenalin on TLR ligand-induced TNF production. PBMCs were pretreated with media, 10 μM actinomycin D, or 10 μM helenalin for 30 min prior to incubation with TLR ligands. TNF levels in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. Values are means ± standard deviations for three control donors. Asterisks indicate undetectable levels of TNF.
