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. 2026 Aug 27;15(17):2616. doi: 10.3390/plants15172616
CAR/PDMS carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane
DAD diode-array detector
DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
dw dry weight
fw fresh weight
GAE gallic acid equivalents
GC–MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
GM grape molasses
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
HS-SPME headspace solid-phase microextraction
N static immersion without ultrasound
n.d. not detected
OD osmotic dehydration
RID refractive-index detector
SD standard deviation
SSC soluble solids content
TAC total anthocyanin content
TE Trolox equivalents
TPC total phenolic content
UAOP ultrasound-assisted osmotic pretreatment
US ultrasound-assisted treatment
W water
wb wet basis
ACN acetonitrile
MCwb moisture content on a wet basis