ANOVA	Analysis of variance
EC	Electrical conductivity
F1	First principal component axis
F2	Second principal component axis
GABA	γ-Aminobutyric acid
GB	Glycine betaine
GB0	No glycine betaine application
GB1	Glycine betaine application at 100 mM
GC–MS	Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
MSTFA	N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
NaCl	Sodium chloride
PCA	Principal component analysis
PC1	First principal component
PC2	Second principal component
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
S0	Control salinity treatment, with no NaCl added
S1	Lower salinity treatment at 1.6 dS m−1
S2	Higher salinity treatment at 3.2 dS m−1
SE	Standard error
SPAD	Soil–Plant Analysis Development
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid