Table 2.

Molecular findings in blood-soaked scaffolds after laser exposure 

Assay	Marker	Fold change/Level (Laser vs. Control)	P-value	Interpretation
qPCR	HSP70	2.5 ± 0.4-fold	< 0.01	HSR activation
qPCR	TGF-β1	0.7 ± 0.1-fold	< 0.05	Reduced pro-fibrotic signalling
qPCR	COL1A1	1.6 ± 0.2-fold	< 0.05	Enhanced collagen expression
Western	HSP70	2.1 ± 0.3-fold	< 0.01	Confirms HSP70 protein increase
Western	p-Smad2/3	0.6 ± 0.1-fold	< 0.05	Attenuated TGF-β pathway
Western	Collagen I	1.4 ± 0.2-fold	< 0.05	Matrix protein upregulation
ELISA	HSP70	120 ± 15 (vs. 45 ± 10)	< 0.01	Soluble chaperone increased
ELISA	TGF-β1	85 ± 12 (vs. 140 ± 18)	< 0.05	Reduced cytokine release
FTIR	Amide I shift	−7 cm− 1	NA	Collagen structural reorganisation