Table 2.
Maternal, prenatal, and antenatal factors associated with easily recognisable congenital malformations in a cohort of Gambian neonates born following relatively healthy pregnancy
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
n (%) n = 140 |
OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Maternal factors (n = 6750) | ||||||
| Age (Years) | 0.30 | 0.31 | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 27 (23–31) | |||||
| 20–35 | 5453 (80.8) | 106 (1.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 16–19 | 632 (9.4) | 17 (2.7) | 1.39 (0.80–2.27) | 1.24 (0.71–2.04) | ||
| > 35 | 665 (9.8) | 17 (2.6) | 1.32 (0.76–2.16) | 1.46 (0.84–2.39) | ||
| Mother’s Ethnicity | 0.45 | |||||
| Mandinka | 2701 (40.0) | 57 (2.1) | 1 | |||
| Fula | 1212 (18.0) | 28 (2.3) | 1.10 (0.69–1.72) | |||
| Wolof | 1040 (15.4) | 17 (1.6) | 0.77 (0.43–1.30) | |||
| Jola | 870 (12.9) | 23 (2.6) | 1.26 (0.76–2.03) | |||
| Others | 927 (13.7) | 15 (1.6) | 0.76 (0.41–1.32) | |||
| Father’s Ethnicitya | 0.36 | |||||
| Mandinka | 2611 (38.7) | 60 (2.3) | 1 | |||
| Fula | 1158 (17.1) | 23 (2.0) | 0.86 (0.52–1.38) | |||
| Wolof | 1165 (17.3) | 23 (2.0) | 0.86 (0.52–1.37) | |||
| Jola | 830 (12.3) | 21 (2.5) | 1.10 (0.65–1.80) | |||
| Others | 985 (14.6) | 13 (1.3) | 0.57 (0.30–1.01) | |||
| Parity | 0.70 | |||||
| Para > = 4 | 2513 (37.3) | 55 (2.2) | 1.05 (0.67–1.68) | |||
| Primiparous | 1680 (24.9) | 37 (2.2) | 1.06 (0.65–1.74) | |||
| Para 2 | 1393 (20.6) | 29 (2.1) | 1 | |||
| Para 3 | 1164 (17.2) | 19 (1.6) | 0.78 (0.43–1.39) | |||
| Season of delivery | 0.34 | |||||
| Dry | 4568 (67.7) | 100 (2.2) | 1 | |||
| Rainy | 2182 (32.3) | 40 (1.8) | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | |||
| Previous stillbirthsb | 0.66 | |||||
| No | 6636 (98.3) | 137 (2.1) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 113 (1.7) | 3 (2.7) | 1.29 (0.26–3.96) | |||
| Previous miscarriagec | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||||
| No | 6138 (91.0) | 120 (2.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 610 (9.0) | 20 (3.3) | 1.70 (1.00–2.77) | 1.72 (1.02–2.37) | ||
| Previous intake of traditional medicined | 0.88 | |||||
| No | 5573 (82.6) | 115 (2.1) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1173 (17.4) | 25 (2.1) | 1.03 (0.64–1.61) | |||
| Neonatal factors (n = 6750) | ||||||
| Sex | 0.34 | |||||
| Female | 3259 (48.3) | 62 (1.9) | 1 | |||
| Male | 3491 (51.7) | 78 (2.2) | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) | |||
| Plurality of birth | - | |||||
| Singleton | 6571 (97.3) | 140 (2.1) | ||||
| Twin | 179 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | - | |||
aEthnicity father missing in n = 1
bHistory of stillbirths missing in n = 1
cHistory of miscarriage missing in n = 2
d Previous intake of traditional medicine missing in n = 4