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. 2026 Sep 1;13:1942320. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1942320

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© 2026 Esser, Balesdent, Corny, Larbaneix, Mondragon, Esteban, Farges, Harboun, Nisse Durgeat, Palermo and Maurou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot graphic showing adjusted odds ratios for variables independently associated with HFpEF versus HFrEF, including age, sex, obesity, ischaemic cardiomyopathy, AF/flutter, hypertension, diabetes, malnutrition, Charlson CCI, mitral regurgitation, and CKD, with significant associations highlighted in color and listing confidence intervals and p-values. — Variables independently associated with HFpEF versus HFrEF. Forest plot showing adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from the multivariable logistic regression model comparing HFpEF with HFrEF. The model included age, sex, obesity, ischaemic cardiomyopathy, AF/flutter, hypertension, diabetes, malnutrition, Charlson CCI, MR ≥ moderate, and CKD stage. Age was analysed per standard deviation increase, and CKD stage was analysed as an ordinal variable. Adjusted odds ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds of HFpEF compared with HFrEF, whereas adjusted odds ratios lower than 1 indicate lower odds of HFpEF compared with HFrEF. The vertical dashed line represents an adjusted odds ratio of 1. The model included 1,146 patients and had a Nagelkerke R² of 0.31. AF, atrial fibrillation; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; SD, standard deviation.