Table 1.
Demographic and geriatric characteristics overall and by LVEF category.
| Variable | Overall (n = 1,299) | HFrEF (n = 387) | HFmrEF (n = 148) | HFpEF (n = 764) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median [IQR] | 88.5 [82.5–92.2] | 86.7 [81.1–91.5] | 88.5 [83.2–92.1] | 89.1 [83.2–92.5] | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 702 (54.0%) | 158 (40.8%) | 80 (54.1%) | 464 (60.7%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m²), median [IQR] | 23.5 [20.5–27.4] | 23.0 [19.9–26.1] | 23.4 [20.6–27.0] | 24.0 [20.7–28.2] | 0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²), n (%) | 152 (11.7%) | 19 (4.9%) | 13 (8.8%) | 120 (15.7%) | <0.001 |
| Charlson CCI, median [IQR] | 8.0 [7.0–9.0] | 8 [(7–9)] | 8 [(6–9)] | 8 [(7–9)] | 0.414 |
| Malnutrition, n (%) | 823 (63.4%) | 266 (68.7%) | 93 (63.3%) | 464 (61.0%) | 0.036 |
| Severe cognitive impairment, n (%) | 247 (19.0%) | 76 (19.6%) | 31 (20.9%) | 140 (18.3%) | 0.707 |
| Depressive syndrome, n (%) | 297 (22.9%) | 83 (21.4%) | 33 (22.3%) | 181 (23.7%) | 0.683 |
| Palliative care, n (%) | 298 (22.9%) | 94 (24.3%) | 33 (22.3%) | 171 (22.4%) | 0.753 |
| Study-defined geriatric indicator count (0-6), median [IQR] | 2 [(1–3)] | 2 [(1–3)] | 2 [(1–3)] | 2 [(1–3)] | 0.915 |
| ≥1 CGA-derived geriatric indicator, n (%) | 1,163 (89.5%) | 340 (87.9%) | 131 (89.1%) | 689 (90.5%) | 0.365 |
| ≥2 CGA-derived geriatric indicators, n (%) | 800 (61.6%) | 243 (62.8%) | 84 (56.8%) | 473 (61.9%) | 0.321 |
| Remote monitoring, n (%) | 879 (67.7%) | 262 (67.7%) | 101 (68.2%) | 516 (67.5%) | 0.986 |
Data are presented as median [interquartile range] for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Comparisons across LVEF categories were performed using Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. The geriatric indicator count is a study-defined descriptive count ranging from 0 to 6, including ADL dependency, malnutrition, severe cognitive impairment, depressive syndrome, social isolation, and palliative care status. It was constructed for descriptive purposes and is not externally validated. P-values refer to comparisons across HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF groups. ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.