Table 2.
Cardiovascular profile, biological parameters, and iron status overall and by LVEF category.
| Variable | Overall | HFrEF | HFmrEF | HFpEF | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,299) | (n = 387) | (n = 148) | (n = 764) | ||
| Ischaemic cardiomyopathy, n (%) | 486 (37.4%) | 218 (56.3%) | 65 (43.9%) | 203 (26.6%) | <0.001 |
| AF/flutter, n (%) | 941 (72.4%) | 269 (69.5%) | 115 (77.7%) | 557 (72.9%) | 0.150 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 871 (67.1%) | 245 (63.3%) | 102 (68.9%) | 524 (68.6%) | 0.173 |
| Pacemaker/ICD, n (%) | 293 (22.6%) | 125 (32.3%) | 40 (27.0%) | 129 (16.9%) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage ≥3, n (%) | 1,038 (80.2%) | 328 (84.8%) | 111 (75.0%) | 599 (78.8%) | 0.014 |
| NT-proBNP admission (pg/mL), median [IQR] | 4,035 [1,587–9,062] | 6,724 [3,281–15,972] | 4,440 [1,884–8,526] | 2,856 [1,259–6,384] | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L), median [IQR] | 32.7 [29.4–36.0] | 33.0 [29.7–36.0] | 33.0 [29.2–36.1] | 32.5 [29.2–35.8] | 0.593 |
| Anaemia (Hb <10 g/dL), n (%) | 284/1,297 (21.9%) | 70/386 (18.1%) | 25/148 (16.9%) | 189/763 (24.8%) | 0.011 |
| Iron deficiency, n (%) | 673/1,274 (52.8%) | 204/380 (53.7%) | 73/144 (50.7%) | 396/750 (52.8%) | 0.782 |
| → Anaemia + iron deficiency | 169/1,274 (13.3%) | 36/380 (9.5%) | 12/144 (8.3%) | 121/750 (16.1%) | 0.001 |
| → Anaemia without iron deficiency | 110/1,274 (8.6%) | 33/380 (8.7%) | 12/144 (8.3%) | 65/750 (8.7%) | 0.986 |
| TSAT (%), median [IQR] | 15.0 [10.0–22.0] | 17.0 [11.9–23.4] | 15.0 [10.0–21.0] | 14.2 [10.0–21.0] | 0.0004 |
| MR ≥ moderate, n (%) | 280/1,298 (21.6%) | 116/386 (30.1%) | 38/148 (25.7%) | 126/764 (16.5%) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as median [interquartile range] for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Comparisons across LVEF categories were performed using Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Iron deficiency was defined according to the 2021 ESC heart failure guideline definition as ferritin <100 ng/mL, or ferritin 100–299 ng/mL with TSAT <20%. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <10 g/dL. P-values refer to comparisons across HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF groups. AF, atrial fibrillation; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; Hb, haemoglobin; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; TSAT, transferrin saturation.