Table 3.
Pharmacological treatments at discharge overall and by LVEF phenotype.
| Drug | Overall (n = 1,223) | HFrEF (n = 361) | HFmrEF (n = 143) | HFpEF (n = 719) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medications (all classes), median [IQR] | 8.0 [6.0–9.5] | 8 [7–10] | 8 [7–9.5] | 7 [6–9] | <0.001 |
| ≥10 medications, n (%) | 306 (25.0%) | 124 (34.3%) | 36 (25.2%) | 146 (20.3%) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB/ARNi, n (%)a | 475 (38.8%) | 192 (53.2%) | 75 (52.4%) | 208 (28.9%) | <0.001 |
| ARNi (sacubitril/valsartan), n (%) | 157 (12.8%) | 116 (32.1%) | 29 (20.3%) | 12 (1.7%) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 321 (26.2%) | 77 (21.3%) | 46 (32.2%) | 198 (27.5%) | 0.021 |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 786 (64.3%) | 278 (77.0%) | 107 (74.8%) | 401 (55.8%) | <0.001 |
| MRA, n (%) | 246 (20.1%) | 123 (34.1%) | 31 (21.7%) | 92 (12.8%) | <0.001 |
| SGLT2i, n (%) | 1,012 (82.7%) | 285 (78.9%) | 122 (85.3%) | 605 (84.1%) | 0.071 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 1,122 (91.7%) | 326 (90.3%) | 133 (93.0%) | 663 (92.2%) | 0.473 |
| Oral anticoagulant, n (%) | 878 (71.8%) | 247 (68.4%) | 112 (78.3%) | 519 (72.2%) | 0.078 |
| ≥3/4 therapeutic pillars — HFrEFb | — | 190/361 (52.6%) | — | — | — |
Data are median [IQR] or n (%). Comparisons across LVEF categories by Kruskal–Wallis (continuous) and chi-squared (categorical) tests.
ACEi/ARB/ARNi, any renin–angiotensin system inhibitor (ACEi, ARB, or ARNi); reported as a single pillar. ARNi and ACEi/ARB shown separately below.
Guideline-directed therapeutic pillar coverage assessed only in HFrEF; defined as receipt of ≥3 of 4 foundational pillars: ACEi/ARB/ARNi, beta-blocker, MRA, SGLT2i. ARNi is shown separately as a marker of advanced renin–angiotensin system optimisation. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.