Skip to main content
. 2026 Aug 16;18(8):e114589. doi: 10.7759/cureus.114589

Table 3. Effect sizes and I-square of different selections of studies.

Figure number in current article Number of studies Study category I2 Effect size (95% CI) p-value
  All studies
2 32 Pain decrease 0.99 1.92 (0.91 to 2.94) <0.001
  Therapeutic studies
3 22 Pain decrease in all countries 0.99 2.56 (1.16 to 3.97) <0.001
  20 Pain decrease without Scandinavia 0.99 2.85 (1.36 to 4.3) <0.001
  2 Pain decrease only in Scandinavia 0.55 -0.28 (-0.76 to +0.19) 0.24
4 15 Disability decrease in all countries 0.99 2.30 (0.90 to 3.72) 0.001
  13 Disability decrease without Scandinavia 0.99 2.64 (1.10 to 4.18) <0.001
  2 Disability decrease only in Scandinavia 0.20 0.13 (-0.23 to +0.48) 0.49
  Preventive studies
5 10 Pain decrease in all countries 0.89 0.46 (0.14 to 0.77) 0.004
  6 Pain decrease without Scandinavia 0.51 0.84 (0.49 to 1.19) <0.001
  4 Pain decrease only in Scandinavia 0.11 0.065 (-0.042 to +0.17) 0.23
6 5 Disability decrease in all countries (only one study outside Scandinavia) 0.00 0.069 (-0.029 to +0.16) 0.17
7 8 Sick leave percentage in all countries (only Scandinavian studies) 0.48 0.16 (-0.17 to +0.49) 0.34
8 8 LPP percentage in all countries (only one study outside Scandinavia) 0.23 0.15 (-0.094 to +0.39) 0.23