Table 1.

Latent factors and survey items.

Constructs	Items	Statement	Sources
Continuance intention (CI)	CI1	I will continue to use blended learning.	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	CI2	I intend to continue using blended learning in the future.
	CI3	I would recommend blended learning to others.
Perceived integration (PI)	PI1	The integration of online resources with offline classroom content facilitates comprehensive knowledge acquisition and understanding.	Yu et al. (2023)
	PI2	Online learning activities complement offline classroom discussions and practical sessions, enhancing my learning experience.
	PI3	Blended learning expands my learning space and time beyond the confines of the classroom.
Content satisfaction (CS)	CS1	Blended learning platform offers a diverse range of learning materials.	Katz et al. (1974)
	CS2	Blended learning meets my individual learning needs.
	CS3	High-quality resources on the blended learning platform significantly promote a thorough understanding of the course content.
	CS4	The platform’s additional resources are beneficial for my studies and reference.
Social satisfaction (SS)	SS1	Blended learning is conducive to self-improvement.	Katz et al. (1974)
	SS2	Online activities such as discussions and group assignments help me build a learning community.
	SS3	Blended learning enhances collaborative abilities among students.
Process satisfaction (PS)	PS1	I am willing to engage in various interactions within the blended learning environment, including those between students, teachers, and the platform.	Katz et al. (1974)
	PS2	Using blended learning is an enjoyable experience that often leaves me feeling excited and comfortable.
	PS3	Blended learning improves my learning skills and efficiency, particularly in acquiring and utilizing information.
	PS4	Blended learning increases my level of engagement and enthusiasm for learning.
System functionality overload (SFO)	SFO1	The complexity of the blended learning platform and software hinders my learning progress.	Karr-Wisniewski and Lu (2010), Yu et al. (2023)
	SFO2	Mastering all features of the blended learning platform is challenging, causing inconvenience in usage.
	SFO3	I feel the need to reduce time spent on the blended learning platform to avoid feeling overwhelmed.
Information overload (IO)	IO1	It is difficult for me to filter key learning content from the vast amount of information on the platform.	Misra and Stokols (2012)
	IO2	The volume of learning tasks and information on the platform distracts me from focused learning.
	IO3	Feeling overwhelmed by the need to learn independently on the platform.
	IO4	Only a small portion of the platform’s resources align with my interests.
Social overload (SO)	SO1	Social interactions such as discussions and peer reviews on the platform consume a significant amount of my learning time.	Maier et al. (2015)
	SO2	To enhance learning efficiency, I feel the need to reduce my participation in social activities on the blended learning platform.
	SO3	Focusing on peers’ learning statuses or issues takes up too much energy, affecting my own learning tasks.