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. 2026 Sep 15;16:28765. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-68681-6

Table 3.

Overall model performance metrics (R2, MSE, RMSE, MAE) and composite ranking scores for all sixteen models evaluated. Models are ordered by composite score (descending).

Model R2 MSE RMSE MAE Score Rank
Statistical distribution models
GEVMLE 0.9677 2.285 1.512 0.907 1.000 1
GEVLM 0.9456 3.849 1.962 0.908 0.970 2
GLLM 0.9346 4.626 2.151 1.030 0.946 3
GPMLE 0.9322 4.798 2.190 1.213 0.928 4
GPPM 0.9281 5.088 2.256 1.281 0.918 5
GPM 0.9305 4.917 2.217 1.443 0.907 6
GLM 0.9144 6.051 2.460 1.253 0.904 7
EMLE 0.9142 6.071 2.464 1.374 0.894 8
LLLM 0.9044 6.763 2.601 1.263 0.892 9
SEMLE 0.9105 6.330 2.516 1.390 0.889 10
ELM 0.9113 6.276 2.505 1.447 0.885 11
EPM 0.9103 6.341 2.518 1.469 0.882 12
LLPM 0.8731 8.978 2.996 1.372 0.850 13
Machine learning models
RF 0.2799 50.925 7.136 3.007 0.218 14
XGBR 0.2577 52.494 7.245 3.506 0.159 15
SVM 0.0867 64.587 8.037 3.888 0.000 16