Table 2.
AI chatbots used for mental health support.
| Chatbot | Students (n=73) | General public (n=276) |
| Character.AI | 1 (1.4) | 2 (0.7) |
| ChatGPT (OpenAI) | 70 (95.9) | 239 (86.6) |
| Claude (Anthropic) | — a | 8 (2.9) |
| Copilot (Microsoft) | 9 (12.3) | 41 (14.8) |
| DeepSeek | 3 (4.1) | 3 (1.1) |
| Gemini (Google) | 4 (5.5) | 52 (18.8) |
| Grok (SpaceXAI) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (1.1) |
| My AI (Snapchat) | 19 (26) | 4 (1.4) |
| Perplexity | — | 4 (1.4) |
| Replika | — | 7 (2.5) |
| Otherb | — | 11 (4) |
aNot available.
bOther chatbots: Abby, Ecosia AI, Meta AI, Spicychat.ai, Pi, Liven, Lumo, Le Chat (Mistral), Nomi AI, The Architect, unknown project-specific AI chatbot.