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. 2026 Jul 31;5(9):3449–3458. doi: 10.1039/d6dd00342g

Table 1. Literature sources and models used.

Name Year Paper Models
Nielsen 2020 Hybrid machine learning assisted modelling framework for particle processes Data driven – deep neural network (soft sensor)
Mechanistic – PBM
Lima 2022 Development of a recurrent neural networks-based NMPC for controlling the concentration of a crystallization process Data driven – RNN
Mechanistic – PBM embedded in NMPC
Zheng 2022 Machine learning modeling and predictive control of the batch crystallization process Data driven – RNN and autoencoder–RNN (AERNN)
Mechanistic – PBM
Wu 2023 Physics-informed machine learning for MPC: application to a batch crystallization process Data driven – RNN
Mechanistic – PBM (as a system of ordinary differential equations)
Lima 2023 Improved modeling of crystallization processes by universal differential equations Data driven – RNN/UDE
Mechanistic – PBM
Tadepalli 2023 A crystallization case study toward optimization of expensive to evaluate mathematical models using Bayesian approach Data driven – MOBO (Gaussian process)
Mechanistic – PBM
Kovacs 2023 A synthetic machine learning framework for complex crystallization processes: the case study of the second-order asymmetric transformation of enantiomers Data driven – decision tree random forest classifiers
Mechanistic – PBM
Ma 2024 Digital design of cooling crystallization processes using a machine learning-based strategy Data driven – NN predictive model
Mechanistic – mechanistic equations and underlying theory
Lima 2024 Neural-network inverse model controllers for paracetamol unseeded batch cooling crystallization Data driven – NN inverse model
Mechanistic – PBM based NLMPC
Dong, Y. 2025 Neural network-based kinetic model for antisolvent crystallization of benzophenone Data driven – NN
Mechanistic – PBM
Ali 2025 Data-driven machine learning approach based on physics-informed neural network for PBM Data driven – PINN
Mechanistic – PBM
Pahari 2025 Predicting both thermodynamic and kinetic properties of crystallizing molecules via transformer-based language model Data driven – encoder based transformer models and NN
Mechanistic – PBM