Table 2.
Participants’ responses across the modified UTAUT and perceived barriers domains (n = 533).
| Variable | Strongly disagree n (%) | Disagree n (%) | Neither agree nor disagree n (%) | Agree n (%) | Strongly agree n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived usefulness (PU) | Mean (SD): 8.66 (3.23) | ||||
| 1- I believe that using a chatbot can improve my psychological well-being. | 89 (16.6) | 81 (15.2) | 205 (38.5) | 116 (21.8) | 42 (7.9) |
| 2- The chatbot helps me manage my emotions better. | 106 (19.8) | 99 (18.6) | 173 (32.5) | 117 (22.0) | 38 (7.1) |
| 3- The chatbot may contribute to reducing my stress or anxiety. | 85 (15.9) | 89 (16.7) | 155 (29.1) | 152 (28.5) | 52 (9.8) |
| Perceived ease of use (PEOU) | Mean (SD): 10.50 (3.08) | ||||
| 4- It is easy for me to learn how to use artificial intelligence chat applications for psychological support. | 64 (12.0) | 57 (10.6) | 139 (26.1) | 173 (32.5) | 100 (18.8) |
| 5- Using a chatbot does not require extensive technical expertise. | 47 (8.8) | 43 (8.1) | 83 (15.6) | 167 (31.3) | 193 (36.2) |
| 6- I can easily interact with a chatbot that provides psychological services. | 57 (10.6) | 60 (11.3) | 161 (30.2) | 141 (26.5) | 114 (21.4) |
| Perceived social influence (SI) | Mean (SD): 5.56 (2.05) | ||||
| 7- People around me encourage me to try psychological support chatbots. | 164 (30.8) | 128 (24.0) | 143 (26.8) | 56 (10.5) | 42 (7.9) |
| 8- I believe that society has begun to accept the use of artificial intelligence chat applications in mental health. | 61 (11.4) | 80 (15.0) | 174 (32.6) | 150 (28.2) | 68 (12.8) |
| Perceived self-efficacy (PSE) | Mean (SD): 6.75 (2.16) | ||||
| 9- I have the ability to access an application or website that includes a mental health chatbot. | 63 (11.8) | 64 (12.0) | 128 (24.0) | 170 (31.9) | 108 (20.3) |
| 10- I can obtain assistance if I encounter difficulty in using the chatbot. | 50 (9.4) | 59 (11.1) | 161 (30.2) | 161 (30.2) | 102 (19.1) |
| Perceived barriers (PB) | Mean (SD): 10.68 (4.18) | ||||
| 1- I feel concerned about sharing my personal feelings with a chatbot. | 100 (18.8) | 107 (20.1) | 148 (27.7) | 84 (15.8) | 94 (17.6) |
| 2- I am afraid that my psychological data may be used in an unsafe manner when using a chatbot. | 65 (12.2) | 83 (15.6) | 107 (20.1) | 126 (23.6) | 152 (28.5) |
| 3- I believe that chatbots may not provide psychological support with the same quality as a human therapist. | 47 (8.9) | 58 (10.9) | 134 (25.1) | 135 (25.3) | 159 (29.8) |
| 4- I am concerned about over-reliance on chatbots instead of traditional therapy. | 60 (11.3) | 58 (10.8) | 152 (28.5) | 125 (23.5) | 138 (25.9) |
| Behavioral intention to use (BI) | Mean (SD): 6.34 (2.46) | ||||
| 1- If a reliable chatbot that provides psychological support is available, I will use it. | 75 (14.1) | 53 (9.9) | 136 (25.5) | 156 (29.3) | 113 (21.2) |
| 2- I intend to use an intelligent chatbot to obtain psychological support when needed. | 109 (20.5) | 64 (12.0) | 151 (28.3) | 135 (25.3) | 74 (13.9) |