Table 5.

Total, direct, and indirect effects of parenting stress on screen dependence (N = 690).

Effect pathway	Effect	SE	BootLLCI	BootULCI	Percentage
Total effect	0.315	0.025	0.265	0.365	100.00%
Direct effect	0.185	0.027	0.131	0.239	58.72%
Total indirect effect	0.130	0.020	0.092	0.171	41.28%
PS → PCIQ → SD	0.039	0.012	0.016	0.064	12.43%
PS → EF → SD	0.069	0.015	0.042	0.102	22.03%
PS → PCIQ → EF → SD	0.021	0.005	0.012	0.032	6.82%

PS, parenting stress; PCIQ, parent–child interaction quality; EF, children’s executive function; SD, preschool children’s screen dependence.