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. 2026 Sep 9;20:1919198. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2026.1919198

TABLE 2.

Pairwise comparisons of subjective indicators (adverse vs. clear).

Indicator Rain vs. clear Snow vs. clear Fog vs. clear
NASA-TLX △ = 10.96, dz = 0.96, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 13.53, dz = 1.29, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 12.49, dz = 1.26, pFDR < 0.001
KSS △ = 1.57, dz = 1.09, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 1.43, dz = 1.26, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 0.93, dz = 0.76, pFDR = 0.001
Mental demand △ = 2.10, dz = 0.60, pFDR = 0.013 △ = 2.74, dz = 0.85, pFDR = 0.002 △ = 2.71, dz = 0.90, pFDR < 0.001
Temporal demand △ = 2.21, dz = 0.68, pFDR = 0.003 △ = 2.94, dz = 0.96, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 2.37, dz = 0.71, pFDR = 0.005
Effort △ = 2.74, dz = 0.68, pFDR = 0.004 △ = 3.34, dz = 1.04, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 2.78, dz = 1.02, pFDR < 0.001
Frustration △ = 3.91, dz = 1.06, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 4.52, dz = 1.20, pFDR < 0.001 △ = 4.62, dz = 1.35, pFDR < 0.001