Table 1.
Description of other covariates included in this study, NFHS-5, 2019–2021
| Variables | Description and codes |
|---|---|
| Sex of child | Coded as 1 = Male, 2 = Female |
| Maternal age | Mother’s age is categorised into 4 classes and coded as 1 = 15–19 years, 2 = 20–29 years, 3 = 30–39 years, 4 = 40–49 years. |
| Pregnancy complications | Whether women had any signs of complications during pregnancy. Coded as 0 = No, 1 = Yes |
| Blood glucose level | Women’s blood glucose levels are categorised into 3 groups and coded as 1 = Normal (< 141 mg/dl), 2 = High (141–160 mg/dl), 3 = Very high (> 160 mg/dl) |
| Marriage | Age at marriage is classified into 2 groups and coded as 1 = < 18 years, 2 = ≥ 18 years |
| Birth order | Coded as 1 = First, 2 = Second, 3 = Third, 4 = Four or more |
| Education level | Mother’s educational levels are classified into 4 categories and coded as 1 = No education, 2 = Primary, 3 = Secondary, 4 = Higher |
| Use cigarettes and tobacco. | Whether women ever used cigarettes and tobacco, and coded as 0 = Yes, 1 = No |
| Media exposure | Media exposure has been measured by frequently watching TV, listening to the radio, and reading newspapers and magazines. Then classified into 3 groups and coded as 1 = Low, 2 = Partial, 3 = High |
| Religion | Religion has been categorized into 4 groups and coded as 1 = Hindu, 2 = Muslim, 3 = Christian, 4 = Others |
| Caste | Caste has been classified into 4 categories and coded as 1 = Scheduled Caste, 2 = Scheduled Tribe, 3 = Other Backward Classes, 4 = Others |
| Number of ANC visits | During pregnancy, how many times visit the antenatal care and coded as 0 = < 4, 1 = ≥ 4 |
| Number of TT injections taken | During pregnancy, how many tetanus injections were taken and coded as 0 = < 2, 1 = ≥ 2 |
| Number of IFA tablets consumed | During pregnancy, how many IFA tablets were consumed and coded as 0 = < 100, 1 = ≥ 100 |
| Received full ANC | Whether women during pregnancy receive at least 4 ANC visits, two TT injections taken, and 100 IFA tablets consumed as defined full ANC and coded as 0 = No, 1 = Yes |
| Wealth Index | Economic condition (measures based on housing assets, flooring materials, sanitation facilities, and other goods, i.e. TVs to bicycles, or cars) of respondents grouped into 5 classes and coded as 1 = Poorest, 2 = Poorer, 3 = Middle, 4 = Richer, 5 = Richest |
| Region | The whole geographical region of India has been divided into 6 regions and coded as 1 = South, 2 = Central, 3 = East, 4 = Northeast, 5 = West, 6 = North |