Table 3.
Binary logistic regression models for low birth weight of children among rural women (15–49 years) in India, 2019-21
| Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
| Normal® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Underweight | 1.38*** | 1.32–1.44 | 1.26*** | 1.20–1.31 |
| Overweight | 0.80*** | 0.76–0.85 | 0.89*** | 0.84–0.94 |
| Maternal anaemia | ||||
| Not anemic® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Mild | 1.08*** | 1.03–1.13 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 |
| Moderate | 1.12*** | 1.08–1.17 | 1.05* | 1.01–1.10 |
| Severe | 1.42*** | 1.27–1.58 | 1.29*** | 1.15–1.44 |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 1.20*** | 1.16–1.24 | 1.20*** | 1.16–1.25 |
| Women’s age (Years) | ||||
| 15–19® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 20–29 | 0.70*** | 0.63–0.77 | 0.82*** | 0.74–0.91 |
| 30–39 | 0.59*** | 0.53–0.65 | 0.80*** | 0.72–0.90 |
| 40–49 | 0.59*** | 0.50–0.70 | 0.82 | 0.69-098 |
| Any sign of pregnancy complications | ||||
| No® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.03 | 0.99–1.08 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 |
| Glucose level | ||||
| Normal® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 0.93 | 0.84–1.04 | 1.00 | 0.89–1.11 |
| Very high | 0.99 | 0.85–1.15 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.27 |
| Age at marriage | ||||
| < 18 years® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 18 years | 0.90*** | 0.87–0.93 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2 | 0.83 | 0.79–0.86 | 0.79*** | 0.76–0.83 |
| 3 | 0.82 | 0.78–0.86 | 0.72*** | 0.68–0.76 |
| 4 or more | 0.81*** | 0.76–0.86 | 0.66*** | 0.61–0.71 |
| Education level | ||||
| No education® 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 | 1.03 | 0.96–1.09 |
| Secondary | 0.83*** | 0.80–0.87 | 0.90*** | 0.85–0.95 |
| Higher | 0.63*** | 0.59–0.68 | 0.70*** | 0.65–0.76 |
| Use cigarettes and tobacco | ||||
| No® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.93–1.08 | 1.15*** | 1.06–1.24 |
| Media exposure | ||||
| Low® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Partial | 0.78*** | 0.75–0.81 | 0.90*** | 0.86–0.94 |
| High | 0.71*** | 0.66–0.77 | 0.90* | 0.82–0.98 |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Muslim | 0.89*** | 0.83–0.95 | 0.90** | 0.84–0.97 |
| Christian | 0.47*** | 0.43–0.51 | 0.72*** | 0.65–0.80 |
| Others | 0.88 | 0.81–0.97 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.15 |
| Caste | ||||
| SC® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ST | 0.75*** | 0.71–0.79 | 0.80*** | 0.75–0.85 |
| OBC | 0.86*** | 0.82–0.90 | 0.90*** | 0.85–0.94 |
| Others | 0.84*** | 0.79–0.89 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 |
| Number of ANC visits | ||||
| < 4® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 4 | 0.87*** | 0.84–0.91 | 0.91*** | 0.87–0.96 |
| Number of TT injections taken | ||||
| < 2® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 2 | 0.89*** | 0.85–0.93 | 0.87*** | 0.83–0.92 |
| Number of IFA tablets consumed | ||||
| < 100® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 100 | 0.87*** | 0.84–0.90 | 0.92** | 0.88–0.98 |
| Received full ANC | ||||
| Yes® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 0.98 | 0.90–1.06 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.04 |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Poorer | 0.84*** | 0.80–0.88 | 0.88*** | 0.84–0.93 |
| Middle | 0.74*** | 0.71–0.78 | 0.79*** | 0.75–0.84 |
| Richer | 0.69*** | 0.66–0.74 | 0.75*** | 0.70–0.80 |
| Richest | 0.69*** | 0.65–0.75 | 0.77*** | 0.70–0.84 |
| Region | ||||
| South® | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Central | 1.37*** | 1.28–1.45 | 1.15*** | 1.07–1.22 |
| East | 1.18*** | 1.10–1.26 | 0.92** | 0.86–0.99 |
| North East | 0.70*** | 0.65–0.76 | 0.68*** | 0.62–0.74 |
| West | 1.33*** | 1.23–1.43 | 1.18*** | 1.09–1.28 |
| North | 1.16*** | 1.09–1.24 | 1.09** | 1.01–1.17 |
®Reference category; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; CI: Confidence Interval, n = 91,696