Table 4. Application of the CDB system in diverse plant species.

Plant type	Representative species	Transformation/editing efficiency	Key achievement	Ref.
Model and bioenergy dicots	Russian dandelion, Coronilla varia, Platycodon grandifloras, Atractylodes macrocephala, Codonopsis pilosula, Dihuang, Cannabis	High efficiency; demonstrated CRISPR/Cas9 editing	Established CDB as a rapid, efficient platform for root-based metabolic engineering	[103,105, 112,113]
Tuber crops	Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas)	High; CRISPR-mediated editing efficiency up to 100% in some cultivars	Overcame severe genotype dependence, enabling editing of multiple farmer-preferred varieties	[103]
Woody perennials	Ailanthus altissima, Aralia elata, Clerodendrum chinense	Moderate to high transformation rates	Provided a viable transformation method for tree species where tissue culture is extremely difficult or non-existent	[103]
Succulent dicots	Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana)	Exceptionally high, up to 74% transformation efficiency and 70% editing efficiency	Achieved the highest reported efficiency for any succulent, enabling functional genomics in ornamentals	[104]
Succulent monocots	Snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata)	Moderate, ranging from 3.9% to 7.8%	Reported the first-ever efficient genetic transformation system for this globally important ornamental monocot	[104]