Table 2. Experimental evidence on the health promoting effects of blueberry anthocyanins.

Health benefits	Treatments/doses	Key findings	Ref.
Antioxidant	Isolation of anthocyanins from blackberry/1 mg mL−1	The anthocyanins derived from these berries may significantly mitigate oxidative stress, enhancing their prospective health advantages.	[87]
	Blueberry anthocyanins extract (BAE)	BAE mitigated arsenic-induced reductions in antioxidant capacity in rat hippocampal neurons. It enhanced the expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, essential for cellular health.	[88]
	Anthocyanin extracts of Polaris's blueberry variety/20 μg mL−1	Blueberry anthocyanin extracts confer hepatoprotection against acrylamide toxicity. Additionally, they elevate SOD and CAT activities while diminishing MDA levels.	[89]
Anti-inflammatory	BAE	BAE reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines dose-dependently, including monocyte chemo-attractant protein-one, interleukin-6, and cancer necrosis factor-α in RAW264.7 cells.	[90]
	Refined and homogeneous extract of bilberry and blackcurrant	Inhibit the TNF-α-induced NF-κB pathway in Caco-2 cells, resulting in decreased IL-6 and IL-8 production.	[91]
	0.58 mg mL−1 of BAE content incorporated to collagen tempted arthritis rats	BAE exhibited anti-inflammatory characteristics and can reduce osteophyte growth, bone absorption, and soft tissue edema.	[92]
Cardiovascular	160 and 20 g of fresh and freeze-dried blueberry, respectively	Elevated plasma NO2 levels do not affect total cholesterol, SBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, DBP, and glucose.	[93]
	Blueberry anthocyanin (20.0 μg mL−1)	Substantially improved cellular viability and diminished the rate of apoptosis.	[6]
	Blueberries at 75 and 150 g	Enhanced endothelial function while reducing the level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate and lowering arterial stiffness.	[94]
Neuro-protective	For the first 7 d, BAE was applied at 175 mg kg−1, followed by a combination of BAE and acrylamide (35 mg kg−1) fed orally for the next 12 d to rats.	BAE lowers MDA levels, increases GSH and antioxidant enzymes, and reduces microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines. BAE enhances the ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and reduces Aβ peptide accumulation, protecting neurons and synapses and improving general brain health.	[95]
	Blueberry powder at 269 mg for 24 weeks	This compound is advantageous for the nervous system and aids in memory discrimination prevention.	[96]
	In rats with ketamine-induced hyperactivity, 200 mg kg−1 of blueberry extract was given once daily for 14 d.	Blueberry extracts mitigated hyperlocomotion, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by ketamine.	[97]
Anticancer	Isolation of anthocyanins from blackberry/1 mg mL−1	Anthocyanins from Andean blueberry demonstrated significant antitumoral effects in diverse cancer cell lines. This indicates their potential as supplementary or preventive cancer therapies.	[87]
	BAE from five varieties	Anthocyanins may inhibit angiogenesis, a key factor in tumorigenesis. Therefore, blueberries may contribute to cancer prevention via their phytochemical content.	[98]
	BAE (250 µg mL−1) and anthocyanin pyruvate adduct were treated in two breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7).	The study found that BAE inhibited cell proliferation in both cell lines.	[99]
Vision improvement	Blueberry anthocyanins (20 mg kg−1)	Anthocyanins in blueberries mitigate cognitive deficits.	[100]
	Anthocyanin and polyphenol were 177.8 ± 8.3 and 602.9 ± 9.2 mg 100 g−1, respectively.	Blueberry anthocyanins significantly enhance vision by safeguarding retinal cells from photic injury and improving retinal blood flow.	[101]
	For 12 weeks, rats with STZ-induced diabetes were given oral doses of blueberry anthocyanins (20, 40, and 80 mg kg−1).	Blueberry anthocyanins mitigate diabetic retinopathy and retinal anomalies.	[102]