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. 2026 Sep 10;251:11023. doi: 10.3389/ebm.2026.11023

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Copyright © 2026 Cheng, Shu, Wang, Wu, Peng, Xie, Liang, Tao, Shi, Wei, Wang and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart outlining the analytical pipeline for Mendelian randomization using GWAS data, detailing gut microbiota and FGID trait selection, clumping of IVs, bidirectional causal analysis frameworks, harmonizing, quality control, statistical MR analysis, and sensitivity assessments. — Workflow of our two-sample bidirectional MR analysis. GWAS, Genome-wide association study; FGIDs, Functional gastrointestinal disorders; IBS, Irritable bowel syndrome; FD, Functional dyspepsia; IVW, Inverse-variance-weighted; MR-PRESSO, Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier.