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. 2026 Sep 10;251:11023. doi: 10.3389/ebm.2026.11023

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Copyright © 2026 Cheng, Shu, Wang, Wu, Peng, Xie, Liang, Tao, Shi, Wei, Wang and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot graphic presenting Mendelian randomization results. The "Forward" section shows odds ratios with confidence intervals for bacterial orders and genera as exposures and IBS or FD as outcomes, across three methods. The "Reverse" section displays beta coefficients for IBS as exposure, targeting genus Slackia and Turicibacter outcomes. Significant associations are indicated by non-overlapping confidence intervals and p-values less than 0.05. — Forest plot of the causal relationship between seven microbial taxa and FGIDs (IBS and FD) in a bidirectional MR analysis. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.