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. 2026 Sep 10;251:11023. doi: 10.3389/ebm.2026.11023

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Copyright © 2026 Cheng, Shu, Wang, Wu, Peng, Xie, Liang, Tao, Shi, Wei, Wang and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel of seven scatter plots grouped into sections A (Forward) and B (Reverse) displaying Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis results of SNP and microbiota effects on irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia, with trend lines for inverse variance weighted, weighted median, and MR Egger methods. — Scatter diagram of the causal relationship between seven genetically identified microbial taxa and FGIDs (IBS and FD) in a bidirectional MR analysis. (A) Causal effects of gut microbiota on IBS and FD; (B) Causal effects of IBS on gut microbiota. The estimations (95% CI) were coefficients and corresponding to a 95% confidence interval.