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. 2026 Sep 10;251:11023. doi: 10.3389/ebm.2026.11023

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Copyright © 2026 Cheng, Shu, Wang, Wu, Peng, Xie, Liang, Tao, Shi, Wei, Wang and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating gut-brain-microbiota axis dysfunction, with arrows connecting the brain, gut microbiota, and intestinal epithelium, highlighting FGID symptoms, microbial taxa changes in IBS and FD, and summaries of Mendelian randomization analysis directions. — Schematic representation of the present study.