Table 3.

Comparison of delivery methods and outcomes between the two groups.

Item	Combined group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	Test statistic	P value
Mode of delivery
Vaginal delivery — total, n (%)	52 (86.7%)	36 (60.0%)	χ2 = 10.91	0.001
-Spontaneous vaginal delivery, n (%)	44 (73.3%)	30 (50.0%)	χ2 = 6.91	0.009
-Instrument-assisted vaginal delivery, n (%)	8 (13.3%)	6 (10.0%)	χ2 = 0.32	0.570
Cesarean section — total, n (%)	8 (13.3%)	24 (40.0%)	χ2 = 10.91	0.001
-Elective cesarean section, n (%)	2 (3.3%)	6 (10.0%)	——	0.272
-Emergency cesarean section, n (%)	6 (10.0%)	18 (30.0%)	χ2 = 7.50	0.006
Indications for cesarean section
Fetal distress, n (%)	4 (6.7%)	10 (16.7%)	——	0.153
Labor arrest/poor progress, n (%)	3 (5.0%)	9 (15.0%)	——	0.125
Failed induction, n (%)	1 (1.7%)	3 (5.0%)	——	0.620
Maternal request or other non-urgent indications, n (%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.7%)	——	1.000
Others (e.g., malpresentation, placenta previa, or complications), n (%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.7%)	——	1.000

Instrument-assisted vaginal delivery included vacuum extraction and forceps delivery. “—” indicates not applicable or not observed.