Table 1.

Selected downregulated biological processes in endothelial cells treated with TRE serum

Functional module	Representative pathways (GO terms)	Direction	Interpretation
Translation/ribosome biogenesis	Ribosome, rRNA processing, translational initiation	↓	Suppressed protein synthesis
RNA processing/spliceosome	mRNA splicing, spliceosome complex	↓	Reduced RNA maturation
Proteostasis	Proteasome, protein folding, chaperones	↓	Reduced protein turnover
Cell cycle/cytoskeleton	Spindle organization, microtubules, chromatid segregation	↓	Reduced proliferation/structural remodeling
Growth factor signaling	TGF-β signaling, SMAD pathways	↓	Suppressed growth signaling
Adhesion/structure	Focal adhesion, adherens junction	↓	Reduced structural programs