ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Akt	Protein kinase B
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ApoE−/−	Apolipoprotein E-deficient
ATF6	Activating transcription factor 6
BGT1	Betaine/GABA transporter 1
BHMT	Betaine–homocysteine methyltransferase
CD36	Cluster of differentiation 36
ChREBP	Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
CPT1	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
CPR	Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase
db/db	Leptin receptor-deficient diabetic mouse model
ECM	Extracellular matrix
eIF2α	Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
EU	European Union
FASN	Fatty acid synthase
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FGF10	Fibroblast growth factor 10
FGF21	Fibroblast growth factor 21
FOXO1	Forkhead box O1
FTO	Fat mass and obesity-associated protein
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
GNMT	Glycine N-methyltransferase
GSK3β	Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HMGB1	High-mobility group box 1
HSCs	Hepatic stellate cells
IKKβ	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin 6
IL-18	Interleukin 18
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IRE1α	Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
JAK/STAT	Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LXRα	Liver X receptor alpha
m6A	N6-methyladenosine
MASH	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
MAT	Methionine adenosyltransferase
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
MMP-2	Matrix metalloproteinase 2
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase 9
mTORC1	Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
MTTP	Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
MyD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3
NO	Nitric oxide
NRF-1	Nuclear respiratory factor 1
PDGF-BB	Platelet-derived growth factor BB
PEMT	Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
PERK	Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PKCε	Protein kinase C epsilon
PPARα	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SAH	S-adenosylhomocysteine
SAM	S-adenosylmethionine
SCD1	Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
sIgA	Secretory immunoglobulin A
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
SLC6A12	Solute carrier family 6 member 12
SOCS3	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
SREBP-1c	Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TFAM	Mitochondrial transcription factor A
TGF-β1	Transforming growth factor beta 1
TGR5	Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5
TIMP-1	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TonEBP/NFAT5	Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (nuclear factor of activated T cells 5)
TXNIP	Thioredoxin-interacting protein
UPR	Unfolded protein response
VLDL	Very-low-density lipoprotein
α-SMA	Alpha-smooth muscle actin