FIG. 1.

Effects of DC supplementation on vaccine-specific cytokine production in infants and newborns. (A and B) PBMC from 12-month-old children (A) and newborns (cord blood) (B) were cultured for 48 h with diphtheria toxoid (diptox) or tetanus toxoid (tettox) in the presence or absence of additional autologous DC. Data are expressed as Δ values, designating levels of cytokine production above those in unstimulated control cultures. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. (C) Percentages of subjects with positive cytokine responses to vaccine antigens. The data shown in panel A were analyzed in order to show the percentage of 12-month-old children manifesting at least one detectable cytokine response (whether IFN-γ, IL-5, or IL-13) following in vitro stimulation with diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005 (Wilcoxon signed rank test).