CPO	Crested Porcupine Optimizer
MSCPO	Multi-Strategy Enhanced Crested Porcupine Optimizer
KCOL	Kent Chaos Opposition-Based Learning
APO-DME	Arctic Puffin Optimization (APO)-Inspired Dual-Modal Evasion
ADDP	Adaptive Dual-Differential Perturbation
PDAP	Periodic Dynamic Adaptive Perturbation
GA	genetic algorithm
GWO	Gray Wolf Optimizer
WOA	Whale optimization algorithm
DE	differential evolution
GBO	gradient-based optimizer
AVOA	African vultures optimization algorithm
RUN	Runge–Kutta method
EO	equilibrium optimizer
GTO	gorilla troops optimizer
UAV	unmanned aerial vehicle
ECPO	Enhanced CPO
BTCPO	Butterfly Search and Triangular Walk CPO
CAPCPO	Composite Adaptive CPO
HHO	Harris Hawks Optimization
DBO	dung beetle optimizer
GJA	Gekko Japonicus Algorithm
SSA	Sparrow search algorithm
BBO	Beaver behavior optimizer
L-SHADE	success-history based adaptive differential evolution with linear population size reduction
LSHADE-SPACMA	LSHADE with semi-parameter adaptation hybrid with CMA-ES
CP	crested porcupines
OBL	opposition-based learning
APO	Arctic Puffin Optimization
CD	Critical Difference
MOCPO	multi-objective crested porcupines optimization
MCPOMD	multi-objective crested porcupine optimization algorithm based on multiple defense strategies